Lenni B. Benson, Decio Coviello, Nicola Persico, and Petra E. Todd, Legal Representation in Immigration Courts: The Impact of Randomly Assigned Observers (July 8, 20205), available at https://wwws.law.northwestern.edu/research-faculty/events/colloquium/law-economics/documents/immigration-project-model.pdf.
Cassie Chambers Armstrong, Gideon is in the House: Lessons from the Home-Renters Right-to-Counsel Movement, 59 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 201 (2024), available at https://journals.law.harvard.edu/crcl/wp-content/uploads/sites/80/2024/02/07_HLC_59_1_Cassie-Chambers-Armstrong.pdf.
Hadley Savana Bates, The Affective Discourses of Eviction: Right to Counsel in New York City (2023). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 6511, available at https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.3647.
Aissatou Barry, Evicting Evictions, 53 Fordham Urb. L.J. 97 (Oct. 2025), available at https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol53/iss1/3/.
NYC Comptroller Brad Lander, Economic Benefits of Immigration Legal Services (Mar. 18, 2024), available at https://comptroller.nyc.gov/reports/economic-benefits-of-immigration-legal-services/.
American Immigration Council, Where Can You Win in Immigration Court? The Impact of Lawyers, Detention, Geography, and Policy (interactive site) (Nov. 20, 2025), available at https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/report/immigration-court/?emci=d859148a-30c6-f011-8196-6045bdfe8e9c&emdi=ea3b7c62-37c6-f011-8196-6045bdfe8e9c&ceid=4509995.
Vera Institute for Justice, The Next Frontier for Universal Representation: State Legislation for Publicly Funded
Deportation Defense (Mar. 2025), available at https://vera-advocacy-and-partnerships.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/The-Next-Frontier-for-Universal-Representation–State-Legislation-for-Publicly-Funded-Deportation-Defense.pdf#page=7.
Vera Institute for Justice, Evaluating the Impact of the Midwest Immigrant Defenders Alliance: Year Two Progress and Recommendations for Scaling (Feb. 2025), available at https://vera-institute.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/publications/Evaluating-the-Impact-of-the-Midwest-Immigrant-Defenders-Alliance-Year-Two-Report.pdf?dm=1740758723.
Christopher J. Ryan, Jr. and Cassie Chambers Armstrong, Buying Time, 32 Geo. J. on Poverty L. and Pol’y 381 (2025) (an analysis of hundreds of thousands of eviction cases over a five-year period in Kentucky; finding that “lengthening the time from eviction filing to case disposition improves a tenant’s chances of avoid an eviction judgment” and “legal representation relates to both a favorable outcome for tenants and a longer case”).
