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Comprehensive Bibliography
NOTE: if you haven’t already, please read about how the comprehensive bibliography works before starting to browse it.
Non-subject specific
Civil Right to Counsel Generally
Cases
Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371 (1971) (waiver of filing fee in civil divorce case).
Davis v. Page, 640 F.2d 599 (5th Cir. 1981) (appointment of counsel in dependency cases).
Douglas v. California, 372 U.S. 353 (1963) (right to counsel in by-right appeals of criminal cases).
Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 US 335 (1963) (right to counsel in felony cases).
Griffin v. Illinois, 351 U.S. 12 (1956) (waiver of appellate filing fees in by-right criminal appeal).
In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967) (14th Amendment due process right to counsel for juveniles in delinquency cases).
Lassiter v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18 (1981).
Quail v. Municipal Court, 217 Cal.Rptr. 361 (Cal. Ct. App. 1985) (Johnson, J., concurring and dissenting) (describing history of civil right to counsel).
Turner v. Rogers, 131 S.Ct. 2507 (2011) (no right to counsel in civil contempt for nonsupport of child, at least where state not prosecuting the action, opposing side not represented by counsel, and matter not especially complex).
Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480 (1980) (right to assistance of “qualified representative” for prisoner facing involuntary transfer to mental health facility).
Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539 (1974) (no right to counsel in prison discipline cases).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Alan W. Houseman, The Future of Civil Legal Aid: Initial Thoughts, 13 U. Pa. J. L. & Soc. Change 265 (2010).
Alex Long, Essay: The Rights of Tenants Present a Case for Civil Gideon (Dec. 4, 2014).
Alice Wang, “Free the Law” for Low-Income Civil Litigants, Harvard CR-CL Law Review (Feb. 21, 2016).
Amaris Elliott-Engel, Phila. Efforts for ‘Civil Gideon’ Focused on Pilot Projects, The Legal Intelligencer (Jul. 7, 2010) at 3.
Andrew Cohen, Foreword, 61 Drake L. Rev. 589 (2013).
Andrew F. Susko, Rhodia D. Thomas & Sam Milkes, The Right to Counsel – A Right in Civil Cases, Too?: Arguing for a Right to Representation in All Cases Where Human Needs are at Stake, The Pennsylvania Lawyer at 40 (May-Jun. 2010).
Andrew Scherer, Occupy the Justice System: Civil Right to Counsel and the Equitable Distribution of Justice, 26 MIE Journal 33 (2012).
Andrew Scherer, The Importance of Collaborating to Secure a Civil Right to Counsel, 30 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 675 (2006).
Andrew Scherer. Introduction, 40 Touro L. Rev. 1 (2009).
Anna Blackburne-Rigsby, Ensuring Access to Justice for All: Addressing the “Justice Gap” Through Renewed Emphasis on Attorney Professionalism and Ethical Obligations in the Classroom and Beyond, 27 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 1187 (Fall 2014).
Ben Duniway, The Poor Man in the Federal Courts, 18 Stan. L. Rev. 1271, 1272-73 (1966).
Bernice Leber, The Time for Civil Gideon is Now, 25 Touro L. Rev. 23 (2009).
Brenda Carroll, Legal Aid Update: Should “Civil Gideon” be a Human Right? 22 DCBA Brief 41 (Feb. 2010).
Brian Jeffrey, President’s Column, The Proclamation, First Judicial District Bar Association (Feb. 2011).
Brooke D. Coleman, Lassiter v. Department of Social Services: Why Is It Such a Lousy Case?, 12 Nev. L.J. 591 (2012).
Bruce Boyer, Justice, Access to the Court, and the Right to Free Counsel for Indigent Parents: The Continuing Scourge of Lassiter v. Department of Social Services of Durham, 36 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. 363 (2005).
Carolyn Lamm, Finding New Ways to Help: Dire Financial Conditions Make the Need for Pro Bono Services Even More Acute, ABA Journal (October 2009).
Casey Coleman and Stewart Rosenblum, A First Amendment Right of Access to the Courts for Indigents, 82 Yale L.J. 1055 (1973).
Catherine Miller-Wilson, Harmonizing Current Threats: Using the Outcry for Legal Education Reforms To Take Another Look at Civil Gideon and What It Means to be an American Lawyer, 13 U. Md. L.J. Race, Religion, Gender & Class 49 (Spring 2013).
Cathy Carr, Right to Counsel and Legal Services: From Fear and Loathing to Love and Support, 26 MIE Journal 37 (2012).
Charlotte School of Law, Access to Justice Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Civil Right to Counsel Symposium) (Fall 2013).
Christopher Hofstadter, Essay: Civil Gideon: Fulfilling Minnesota’s Promise of Equal Justice (Nov. 26, 2014).
Clare Pastore and John Pollock, Into the Breach: Progress on the Right to Counsel in Civil Matters, LA Lawyer Magazine (Oct. 2018) (on file with the NCCRC).
Clare Pastore, A Civil Right to Counsel: Closer to Reality?, 42 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 1065 (2009).
Clare Pastore, Gideon is My Co-Pilot: The Promise of Civil Right to Counsel Pilot Programs, 17 U.D.C. L.R. 75 (Spring 2014).
Clare Pastore, Life After Lassiter: An Overview of State-Court Right-to-Counsel Decisions, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 186 (2006).
Colene Flynn, In Search on Greater Procedural Justice: Rethinking Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 11 Wis. Women’s L.J. 327 (1996).
Cyrus W. Jarrett, A Return to History and Tradition: Revisiting Lassiter and Grounding Civil Gideon in the Due Process Clause of hte Fourteenth Amendment, 24 U. Md. L.J. Race, Religion, Gender & Class 30 (2024), available at https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1399&context=rrgc.
Cyrus W. Jarrett, Jr., Note, A Return to History and Tradition: Revisiting Lassiter and Grounding Civil Gideon in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, 24 U. Md. L. J. Race, Religion, Gender & Class 30 (2024) (arguing that it is time for Lassiter to be revisited and overruled).
David Udell and Rebekah Diller, Access to Justice: Opening the Courthouse Door, Brennan Center for Justice Publications (2007).
Dean Kellye Y. Testy, Civil Legal Representation and Access to Justice in Washington – An Invitation to an Important Conversation, Bar News (Feb. 2010).
Deborah Perluss, Civil Right to Counsel: In re Marriage of King and the Continuing Journey, 9 Seattle J. for Soc. Just. 13 (Fall/Winter 2010).
Deborah Perluss, Keeping the Eyes on the Prize: Visualizing the Civil Right to Counsel, 15 Temp. Pol. and Civ. Rts L. Rev. 719 (2006).
Deborah Perluss, Washington’s Constitutional Right to Counsel in Civil Cases: Access to Justice v. Fundamental Interest, 2 Seattle J. for Soc. Just. 571 (2004).
Deborah Rhode, What Ever Happened to Access to Justice?, 42 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 869 (2009).
Deborah Rhode, Access to Justice: A Roadmap for Reform, 41 Fordham Urb. L.J. 1227 (March 2016).
Debra Gardner and John Pollock, Civil Right to Counsel’s Relationship to Antipoverty Advocacy: Further Reflections, 45 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 150 (July-Aug. 2011) (in response to Gary Smith, Poverty Warriors: A Historical Perspective, 5 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 34 (May-June 2011).
Debra Gardner and Ward B. Coe, III, A Right to Counsel in Critical Civil Cases and the Role of the Private Bar, 47-Aug Md. B.J. 12 (July/Aug. 2014).
Debra Gardner, Pursuing a Right to Counsel in Civil Cases: Introduction and Overview, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 167 (2006).
Debra Gardner, Justice Delayed is, Once Again, Justice Denied: The Overdue Right to Counsel in Civil Cases, 37 Baltimore L. Rev. 59 (2007).
Denise Johnson, Bridging the Gap, Appellate Judges News 11 (2006).
Dennis Kaufman, The Tipping Point on the Scales of Civil Justice, 25 Touro L. Rev. 347 (2009).
Donald Brenner, The Right of Access to Civil Courts under State Constitutional Law: An Impediment to Modern Reforms, or a Receptacle of Important Substantive and Procedural Rights? 13 Rutgers L.J. 399 (1982).
Earl Johnson Jr. & Elizabeth Schwartz, Beyond Payne: The Case for a Legally Enforceable Right to Representation in Civil Cases for Indigent California Litigants, 11 Loyola of Los Angeles L. Rev. 249 (1978).
Earl Johnson Jr., 50 Years of Gideon, 47 Years Working Toward a ‘Civil Gideon’, 47 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 35 (May-June 2013).
Earl Johnson, Jr., Thrown to the Lions: A Plea For A Constitutional Right To Counsel For Low-Income Civil Litigants, Bar Leader Magazine (Sept.-Oct. 1976).
Editorial, In Their Own Words: Civil Gideon: Becoming a Reality?, HarvardCRCL.org (Sept. 12, 2011).
Erwin Chemerinsky, Lessons from Gideon, 122 Yale L.J. 2678 (June 2013).
Gary Blasi, Framing Access to Justice: Beyond Perceived Justice for Individuals, 42 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 913 (2009).
Gary Toohey, A Civil Right to Counsel: Inevitable or Unrealistic? Precedent at 20 (Winter 2010).
Gene Nichol, Jr., Judicial Abdication and Equal Access to the Civil Justice System, 60 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 325 (2010).
Gene R. Nichol, Access to Civil Justice in North Carolina, The NC State Bar Journal at 12 (Winter 2009).
George Biram, Note, The Indigent’s Right to Counsel in Civil Actions, 76 Yale L.J. 545 (1967).
George Hausen, The Right to Counsel in Hard Times: Practical Civil Gideon, Legal Aid of North Carolina: Trial Briefs (April 2013).
Guy Loranger, Could There Be a Right to Counsel in Civil Cases?, Lawyers Weekly (Nov. 9, 2009).
Hon. Ron Spears, An Adversary System Without Advocates, 101 Ill. B.J. 592 (Nov. 2013) [available with Illinois State Bar Assoc. membership].
Hong Tran, Bridging the Divide Between Civil Legal Aid Lawyers and Public Defenders, 47 Clearinghouse Rev. J. Poverty L. and Pol’y 30 (May-June 2013).
Honorable David J. Dreyer, Deja Vu All Over Again: Turner v. Rogers and the Civil Right to Counsel, 61 Drake L. Rev. 639, 651 (2013).
Honorable Jon Levy, The World is Round: Why We Must Assure Equal Access to Civil Justice, 62 Me. L. Rev. 561 (2010).
Ilze Hirsh and Marcia Henry, About This Issue [describing right to counsel articles in May-June 2013 issue of Clearinghouse Review], 47 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 2 (May-June 2013).
J.J. Prescott, The Challenges of Calculating the Benefits of Providing Access to Legal Services, 37 Fordham Urb. L.J. 303 (2010).
Jack B. Weinstein, The Poor’s Right to Equal Access to the Courts, 13 Conn. L. Rev. 651 (1981).
James A. Bamberger, Confirming the Constitutional Right of Meaningful Access to the Courts in Non-Criminal Cases in Washington State, 4 Seattle J. for Soc. Just. 383 (Nov. 2005).
Jane Jackson, Lassiter v. Department of Social Services: The Due Process Right to Appointed Counsel Left Hanging Uneasily in the Mathews v. Eldridge Balance, 8 N. Ky. L. Rev. 513 (1981).
Jason Parkin, Due Process Disaggregation, 90 Notre Dame L. Rev. 283 (Nov. 2014).
Jeanne Charn, Foreword, 7 Harv. L. & Pol’y Rev. 1 (Winter 2013).
Jeffrey Mandell, The Emerging Right of Legal Assistance for the Indigent in Civil Proceedings, 9 U. of Mich. J. of L. Ref. 554 (1976).
Jeffrey R. Pankratz, Neutral Principles and the Right to Neutral Access to the Courts, 67 Indiana L. J. Iss. 4, Article 8 (1992).
Jim Brosnahan, Civil Gideon: If Not Now, When?, The Recorder (Apr. 22, 2008).
Joan Grace Ritchey, Limits of Justice: The United States’ Failure to Recognize a Right to Counsel in Civil Litigation, 79 Wash. U. L.Q. 317 (2001).
Joel Stashenko, A ‘Modest’ First Step for Civil Justice Plan, 240 N.Y. Law. J. 1 (2008).
John Dombrink, The Equal Protection Analysis: Access to the Civil Courts For Those Of Low and Moderate Means, 99 S. Cal. L. Rev. 2217 (1993).
John Ebbott, To Gideon via Griffin: The Experience in Wisconsin, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 223 (2006).
John Gross, The True Benefits of Counsel: Why “Do-It-Yourself” Lawyering Does Not Protect the Rights of the Indigent, 43 N.M. L. Rev. 1 (Spring 2013).
John Nethercut, Maryland’s Strategy for Securing a Right to Counsel in Civil Cases: Frase v. Barnhart and Beyond, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 238 (2006).
John Nethercut, This Issue Will Not Go Away: Continuing to Seek the Right to Counsel in Civil Cases, 38 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 481 (2004).
John Pollock and Mary Deutsch Schneider, Ten Years In and Picking Up Steam: A Retrospective on the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel, 47 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 35 (May-June 2013).
John Pollock and Michael Greco, It’s Not Triage if the Patient Bleeds Out, 161 U. Penn. L.R. 40 (2012) [in response to Benjamin H. Barton and Stephanos Bibas, Triaging Appointed-Counsel Funding and Pro Se Access, 160 U. Pa. L. Rev. 967 (March 2012)].
John Pollock, Appointment of Counsel for Civil Litigants: A Judicial Path to Ensuring the Fair and Ethical Administration of Justice, Court Review, Vol. 56 Issue 1 (2020).
John Pollock, Introduction: Angles of the Right to Counsel in Civil Cases Debate: Formalism, Immigration, Reviewability, and Empiricism, 17 U.D.C. L.R. 10 (Spring 2014).
John Pollock, Right to Counsel in Civil Cases: Protector (and Source?) of Substantive Due Process Rights, 76 SMU L. Rev. 449 (2023).
John Pollock, The Case Against Case-By-Case: Courts Identifying Categorical Rights to Counsel in Basic Human Needs Civil Cases, 61 Drake L.J. 763 (Spring 2013).
John Pollock, The Great Divide: Gideon and Civil Cases, 14 The Young Lawyer 1 (2010).
John Pollock, The Guiding Hand of Counsel: An Examination of Right-to-Counsel Law in Delaware, Delaware Lawyer, Vol. 37 No. 3 (Summer 2019).
John Pollock, Walking Before Running: Implementation of a Right to Counsel in Civil Cases, 14 MIE Journal 6 (2010).
John Pollock, Where We’ve Been, Where We Are, Where We’re Going: A Look at the Status of the Civil Right to Counsel, and Current Efforts, 26 MIE Journal 29 (2012).
John Pollock, The Right to Counsel: A Tool for Fighting and Preventing Poverty, Public Justice Center Blog (Mar. 20, 2014).
Jonathan David Kelley, Gideon’s Bullhorn: Sounding a Louder, Clearer Call for a Civil Right to Counsel (working paper) (Nov. 20, 2012).
Jonathan K. Stubbs, The Ripple Effects of Gideon: Recognizing the Human Right to Legal Counsel in Civil Adversarial Proceedings, 49 Stetson L. Rev. 457 (Spring 2020).
Jonathan Smith, Civil Gideon, 18 Mgmt. Information Exchange 3 (2004).
Jonathan Smith, Closing the Courthouse Door on Maryland’s Poor, Maryland Bar Journal, Vol. XXXIV, No. 4 (July/August 2001).
Judge Jonathan Lippman, Essay: Shifting the Landscape on Access to Justice, 38 Cardozo L. Rev. 1159 (Feb. 2017).
Justice Jess Dickinson, A Look At Civil Gideon: Is There a Constitutional Right to Counsel in Certain Civil Cases?, 37 Univ. Ark. L. Rev. 543 (2015).
Justice Talking Radio Transcript, Are Lawyers Necessary in All Cases? (Apr. 4, 2006).
Katelyn Gross, Essay: Civil Gideon – A Vision of Justice (Nov. 21, 2014).
Kathryn Alfisi, Access to Justice: Helping Litigants Help Themselves, D.C. Bar (Jan. 2010), p. 30.
Kathryn Sabbeth and Jessica Steinberg, The Gender of Gideon, 69 UCLA L. Rev. 1130 (2023).
Kathryn Sabbeth, The Prioritization of Criminal or Civil Counsel and the Discounted Danger of Private Power, 42 Fla. St. L.Rev. 889 (2016).
Kevin Lapp, A Child Litigant’s Right to Counsel, 52 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 463 (2019).
Kevin Shaughnessy, Lassiter v. Department of Social Services: A New Interesting Balancing Test for Indigent Civil Litigants, 32 Cath. U. L. Rev. 261 (1982).
Larry Miller, The Right to Counsel: State Courts on the Front Line, 1984 Ann. Surv. of Am. L. 179 (1985).
Laura Abel and Judge Lora Livingston, The Existing Civil Right to Counsel Infrastructure, 47 No. 4 Judges’ J. 24 (2008).
Laura Abel and Max Rettig, State Statutes Providing for a Right to Counsel in Civil Cases, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 245 (2006).
Laura Abel, Designing Access: Using Institutional Design to Improve Decision Making About the Distribution of Free Civil Legal Aid, 7 Harv. L. & Pol’y Rev. 61 (Winter 2013).
Laura Abel, Toward a Right to Counsel in Civil Cases in New York State: A Report of the New York State Bar Association, 25 Touro L. Rev. 31 (2013).
Laura Abel, Turner v. Rogers and the Right of Meaningful Access to the Courts, 89 Denv. U. L. Rev. 805 (2012).
Laura K. Abel, Keeping Families Together, Saving Money, and Other Motivations Behind New Civil Right to Counsel Laws, 42 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 1087 (2009).
Lauren Rabold, Note, Fundamental and Essential: The Need for a Civil Gideon in Alabama, 15 Ala. C.R. & C.L. L. Rev. 319 (2023-2024) (comparing the status of the right to counsel in “basic human needs” cases in Alabama to other states, arguing that Alabama should take an approach similar to other states by expanding the scope of the right to counsel in important civil matters).
Lauren Sudeall Lucas, Issue Brief: Deconstructing the Right to Counsel, American Constitution Society (July 2014).
Lawrence Raful, Dean’s Message, 25 Touro L. Rev. 5 (2009).
Lawyer2Lawyer, The Impact of Civil Gideon (Nov. 12, 2009).
Lee Shevell, Civil Gideon: The Poor Man’s Fight, 16 Pub. Int. L. Re. 32 (2010).
Lee Silverstein, Waiver of Court Costs and Appointment of Counsel for Poor Persons in Civil Cases, 2 Val. L. Rev. 21 (1968).
Leonard Schroeter, Civil Gideon: If Not, Why Not? Presented at Washington State Access to Justice Annual Conference Jurisprudence Workshop (June 27, 1999) (on file at NCCRC)
Lester Brickman, Of Arterial Passageways Through the Legal Process: The Right of Universal Access to Courts and Lawyering Services, 48 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 595 (1973).
Lindsey Cecellia Jackson, Stuart Downey, and Bryant Lin, Access to Justice for All: A Comprehensive Look at the Civil Right to Counsel Across the United States, Clearinghouse Review (July 2017).
Lisa E. Brodoff, Introduction: Civil Legal Representation, 9 Seattle J. for Soc. Just. 139 (2010).
Louis S. Rulli, Roadblocks to Access to Justice: Reforming Ethical Rules to Meet the Special Needs of Low-Income Clients, 17 U. Pa. J. L. & Soc. Change 347 (2014).
Lowell Schlechter, The Pitfalls of Timidity: The Ramifications of Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 8 N.Ky.L.Rev. 435 (1981).
Marcia Palof, How to Start Advocating a Right to Counsel in Civil Cases in Your State: A Look at Ohio, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 231 (2006).
Margaret Woo, Access to Civil Justice, 70 Am. J. Comp. L. i89 (Oct. 2022).
Maria Roumiantseva, Patching the Patchwork: Moving the Civil Right to Counsel Forward With Key Data, St. John’s Univ. J. Civ. Rights & Econ. Dev., Volume 36, Fall 2022, Issue 2.
Mark C. Brown, Establishing Rights Without Remedies? Achieving an Effective Civil Gideon by Avoiding a Civil Strickland, 159 U. Pa. L. Rev. 893 (2011).
Mark Juhas, On the Anniversary of Gideon, An Argument for Free Civil Representation, Los Angeles Lawyer at 44 (Sept. 2013).
Mary Deutsch Schneider, Trumpeting Civil Gideon: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?, 63 Bench & Bar of Minnesota (2006).
Mary Helen McNeal, Civil Right to Counsel: The Continuing Evolution of a Movement, 64 Syracuse L. Rev. 357 (2014).
Mary Helen McNeal, Toward a “Civil Gideon” Under the Montana Constitution: Parental Rights as the Starting Point, 66 Mont. L. Rev. 81 (2005).
Massachusetts Bar Association, House of Delegates Unanimously Supports Principle of Civil Gideon, Lawyers e-Journal (May 23, 2007).
Maurice Hew, Jr., Expanding the Civil Privilege of Being Represented by Counsel Through the Presumed Prejudice Doctrine, 17 U.D.C. L.R. 46 (Spring 2014).
Mel Masuda, Right to Counsel Discussed at the Access to Justice Conference, 18-OCT Haw. B.J. 34 (OCt. 2014).
Michael A. Millemann, Setting an Agenda for the Future Delivery of Legal Services to the Poor in Maryland, 7 U. of Md. L. J. of Race, Religion, Gender and Class 215 (2007).
Michael Fox, A Defined Right to Counsel: An Idea Whose Time Has Come? Connecticut Lawyer 14 (2006).
Michael Greco, About This Issue, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y (July-Aug. 2006).
Michael J. Carroll and Louis S. Rulli, Filling Gideon’s Empty Chair, The Philadelphia Lawyer (Winter 2011).
Michael Millemann, et al., Rethinking the Full-Service Legal Representation Model: A Maryland Experiment, 30 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 1178 (1997).
Michael Millemann, The State Due Process Justification for a Right to Counsel in Some Civil Cases, 15 Temp. Pol. & Civ. Rts. L. Rev. 733 (2006).
Michael Page, Attorney Makes the Case for a ‘Civil Gideon’ Policy, California Courts Monitor (Aug/Sept 2014).
Michael S. Greco, Court Access Should Not Be Rationed: Defined Right to Counsel in Civil Cases Is an Issue Whose Time Has Come, ABA Journal at 6 (Dec. 2005).
Michael S. Greco, Uncivil Justice, Equal Justice Magazine (Winter 2005).
Nan Heald, Miles to Justice: Many Traveled, Many More to Go, Maine Bar Journal (Fall 2009) at 216.
Note, Indigents’ Right to Appointed Counsel in Civil Litigation, 66 Geo. L.J. 113 (1977).
George Biram, Note, The Indigent’s Right to Counsel in Civil Cases, 76 Yale L. J. 545 (1967).
Note, The Right to Counsel in Civil Litigation, 66 Colum. L. Rev. 1322 (1966).
Nourit Zimerman and Tom R. Tyler, Between Access to Counsel and Access to Justice: A Psychological Perspective, 37 Fordham Urb. L.J. 473 (2010).
Online Guide to Mediation, Are Mediators in the Legal System Hindering a Civil Right to Counsel? (June 14, 2007).
Pamela Cardullo Ortiz, How a Civil Right to Counsel Can Help Dismantle Concentrated Poverty in America’s Inner Cities, 24 Stanford L. & Pol’y. Rev. 163 (2014).
Pamela Ortiz, Courts and Communities: How Access to Justice Promotes a Healthy Community, 72 Md. L. Rev. 1096 (2013).
Pamela Ortiz, The Grasshopper and the Ant: Maryland’s Effort to Imagine a Civil Right to Counsel, 26 MIE Journal 45 (2012).
Patrick Thornton, Group Backs Expanded Right to Counsel, Minnesota Lawyer (Jan 6, 2012).
Paul Marvy & Laura Klein Abel, Current Developments in Advocacy to Expand the Civil Right to Counsel, 25 Touro L. Rev. 132 (2009).
Paul Marvy and Debra Gardner, A Civil Right to Counsel for the Poor, 32 ABA Human Rights 8-9 (2005).
Paul Marvy, “To Promote Jurisprudential Understanding of the Law”: The Civil Right to Counsel in Washington State, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Law & Pol’y 180 (July-Aug. 2006).
Paul Marvy, Advocacy for a Civil Right to Counsel: An Update, 41 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 644 (2008).
Paul Marvy, Thinking about a Civil Right to Counsel Since 1923, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 170 (2006).
Paul Marvy, Working for a Sort-of Gideon, on the Civil Side, De Novo, at 4 (Mar. 2006).
Phillip Raleigh, Indigents’ Right to Counsel in Civil Litigation: Heller High Water in Ohio, 12 U. Tol. L. Rev. 131 (1980).
Raymond Brescia, Safe at Home: Considering a Right to Counsel in Civil Cases as a State Constitutional Matter, Making a Modern Constitution: The Prospects for Constitutional Reform in New York, Chapter 12 (2016).
Rich Cassidy, Professor Laurence H Tribe Discusses Access to Justice at the ABA Annual Meeting, On Lawyering (Aug. 10, 2010).
Richard Zorza, The Relationship of the Right to Counsel and Self-Represented Litigant Movements, 26 MIE Journal 47 (2012).
Robert Catz and Nancy Lee Firak, The Right to Appointed Counsel in Quasi-Criminal Cases: Towards an Effective Assistance of Counsel Standard, 19 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 397 (1984).
Robert Hornstein, The Right to Counsel in Civil Cases Revisited: The Proper Influence of Poverty and the Case for Reversing Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 59 Cath. U. L. Rev. 1057 (2010).
Robert J. Derocher, Access to Justice: Is Civil Gideon a Piece of the Puzzle?, ABA Bar Leader at 11 (July/Aug. 2008).
Robert Rothman, Expanding the Discussion over Gideon, ABA Journal (July 1, 2013).
Robert W. Sweet, Civil Gideon and Confidence in a Just Society, 17 Yale L. & Pol’y Rev. 503 (1998).
Robert W. Sweet, Civil Gideon and Justice in the Trial Court (the Rabbi’s Beard), 52 The Record of the Ass’n of the Bar of the City of N.Y. 915 (1997).
Rosalie Young, The Right to Appointed Counsel in Termination of Parental Rights Proceedings: The States’ Response to Lassiter, 14 Touro L. Rev. 247 (1997).
Rudolph Garcia, Equal Justice for All is Goal with Bar’s Support of Civil Gideon, Philadelphia Bar Reporter (May 2011).
Russell Engler, Access to Justice, Civil Right to Counsel, and the Role of the Judge, Court Review, Vol. 56 Issue 1 (2020).
Russell Engler, Pursuing Access to Justice and Civil Right to Counsel in a Time of Economic Crisis, 15 Roger Williams U. L. Rev. 472 (2010).
Russell Engler, Reflections on a Civil Right to Counsel and Drawing Lines: When Does Access to Justice Mean Full Representation by Counsel, and When Might Less Assistance Suffice?, 9 Seattle J. for Soc. Just. 97 (Fall/Winter 2010).
Russell Engler, Shaping a Context-Based Civil Gideon from the Dynamics of Social Change, 15 Temp. Pol. & Civ. Rts. L. Rev. 697 (2006).
Russell Engler, The Twin Imperatives of Providing Access to Justice and a Civil Gideon, 93 Mass. L. Rev. 214 (2010).
Russell Engler, Toward a Context-Based Civil Right to Counsel Through Access to Justice Initiatives, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 196-209 (2006).
Russell Engler, Turner v. Rogers and the Essential Role of the Courts In Delivering Access to Justice, 7 Harv. L & Pol’y Rev. 31 (Winter 2013).
Simran Bindra and Pedram Ben-Cohen, Public Civil Defenders: A Right to Counsel for Indigent Civil Defendants, 10 Geo. J. on Poverty L. & Pol’y 1 (2003).
Sophia T. Slater, In Pursuit of Meaningful Civil Representation: Advocacy Strategy Proposals for an Integrated Civil Gideon and Legal Empowerment Approach, 51 Fordham Ur. L. J. 1273 (Apr. 2024).
Stan Keillor, James H. Cohen, and Mercy Changwesha, The Inevitable, if Untrumpeted, March Toward “Civil Gideon”, 64 Syracuse L. Rev. 469 (2014).
Stephen Sachs, Seeking a Right to Appointed Counsel in Civil Cases in Maryland, 37 U. Balt. L. Rev. 5 (2007).
Steven D. Schwinn, Sidestepping Lassiter on the Path to Civil Gideon: Civil Douglas, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 217 (2006).
Steven D. Schwinn, The Civil Right to Counsel on Appeal: Civil Douglas, 15 Temp. Pol. & Civ. Rts. L. Rev. 603 (2006).
Steven Eppler-Epstein, Passion, Caution, and Evolution: The Legal Aid Movement and Empirical Studies of Legal Assistance, 216 Harv. L. Rev. F. 102 (2013).
Steven Eppler-Epstein, The Fight for Legal Aid Funding and Right to Counsel Advocacy: An Incremental Approach and an Overarching Message, 26 MIE Journal 41 (2012).
Steven Schwinn, Faces of Open Courts and the Civil Right to Counsel, 37 Baltimore L. Rev. 21 (2007).
Talbot “Sandy” D’Alemberte, Tributaries of Justice: The Search for Full Access, 25 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 631 (1998).
Tarik Jallad, A Civil Right to Counsel: International and National Trends (August 2009) (Working Research Paper, UNC Center on Poverty, Work and Opportunity).
Thomas D. Rowe Jr., If We Don’t Get Civil Gideon: Trying to Make the Best of the Civil- Justice Market, 37 Fordham Urb. L.J. 347 (2010).
Thomas Knox, Comment: Current Prospects for an Indigent’s Right to Appointed Counsel and a Free Transcript in Civil Litigation, 7 Pacific L. J. 149 (1976).
Thomas M. Burke, A Civil Gideon? Let the Debate Begin, J. of the Mo. Bar (Jan.–Feb. 2009).
Tony Mauro, Tribe to Judges: Take Action on Poverty Issues, The Nat’l L. J. (Aug. 3, 2010).
Tonya Brito, The Right to Civil Counsel, Daedalus (Winter 2019).
Tonya Brito, What We Know and Need to Know About Civil Gideon, 67 S.C. Law Rev. 222 (2016).
TortDeform, Right to Counsel (“Civil Gideon”).
Touro Law Review, Special Populations: Mobilization for Change, 25 Touro L. Rev. 467 (2009) (transcript of break-out discussion that took place at Touro Law Center event) (2009).
Transcript of NYSBA 2013 event: Gideon v. Wainwright Fifty Years Later: The Need for a Right to Counsel in Civil Matters, 64 Syracuse L. rev. 391 (2014).
Transcript of NYSBA 2013 event: Why We Need a Right to Counsel In Civil Matters Where Basic Human Needs Are At Stake, 64 Syracuse L. Rev. 369 (2014).
Tresa Baldas, Civil Right to Counsel Urged, The Nat’l Law J. (Sept. 15, 2008), available with subscription to LexisNexis or Bloomberg Law.
Tresa Baldas, Suits, Legislation Over a Civil Right to Counsel Grow Across U.S., The Nat’l Law J. (Sept. 19 2008).
Vesselin Mitev, State Bar Conference Promotes Right to Counsel in Civil Cases, New York L. J. (Mar. 11, 2008).
Wade Henderson, Keynote Address: The Evolution and Importance of Creating a Civil Right to Counsel, 25 Touro L. Rev. 71 (2009).
Washington State Access to Justice Conference, Equal Justice Under Law: Plenary Session: Crafting a Vision for the Civil Right to Counsel in Washington (June 10, 2006).
William B. Fisch, Coercive Appointments of Counsel in Civil Cases in Forma Pauperis: An Easy Case Makes Hard Law, 50 Mo. L. Rev. 527 (1985).
William Dick, The Right to Appointed Counsel for Indigent Civil Litigants: The Demands of Due Process, 30 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 627 (1989).
William M. Beany, The Right to Counsel in American Courts, Ann Arbor Univ. of Mich. Press (1955).
Yael Cannon, Closing the Health Justice Gap: Access to Justice in Furtherance of Health Equity, 53 Columbia Hum. Rights L.R. 517 (2022)
Yael Cannon, Unmet Legal Needs as Health Justice, 56 U. Rich. L. Rev. 801 (2022).
YL Editorial Board, Civil Gideon: Should the State Provide Counsel to Indigent Litigants in Civil Lawsuits?, The Legal Intelligencer (Jul. 8, 2010).
Model Acts / Resolutions / Treaties
Alaska Bar Ass’n Pro Bono Comm., Resolution in Support of Recognizing a Right to Counsel for Indigent Individuals in Certain Civil Cases (Sept. 2008).
American Bar Association, Principles of a State System for the Delivery of Civil Legal Aid (Aug. 2006).
American Bar Association, Resolution 104 (Model Access Act) (Aug. 2010).
- James Maxeiner, A Right to Legal Aid: The ABA Model Access Act in International Perspective, 13 Loy. J. Pub. Int. L 61 (2011).
- Philadelphia Bar Association, Resolution to Cosponsor the American Bar Association’s Resolutions Adopting the Proposed ABA Model Access Act and ABA Basic Principles of a Right to Counsel in Civil Legal Proceedings(May 25, 2010).
American Bar Association, Resolution 105 (Basic Principles of a Right to Counsel in Civil Legal Proceedings) (Aug. 2010).
American Bar Association, Resolution 112A (urging right to counsel in civil cases involving basic human needs) (Aug. 2006).
- Arkansas Access to Justice Commission, Resolution in Support of Recognizing a Right to Counsel for Indigent Individuals in Certain Civil Cases (2008) (on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel).
- Bob Glaves, Executive Director, Chicago Bar Foundation, Chicago Bar Association (CBA) and Chicago Bar Foundation (CBF) Position on The ABA’s “Civil Gideon” Proposal (June 15, 2006) (on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel).
- Hawai’i Justice Foundation et al., Achieving Access to Justice for Hawai’i’s People, The Community Wide Action Plan: Ten Action Steps to Increase Access to Justice in Hawai’i by 2010 and The 2007 Assessment of Civil Legal Needs and Barriers of Low- and Moderate-Income People in Hawai’i (Nov. 2007).
- Massachusetts Access to Justice Commission, Barriers to Access to Justice in Massachusetts: A Report, With Recommendations, to the Supreme Judicial Court (June 2007).
- Massachusetts Bar Association, [Massachusetts Bar] House of Delegates Unanimously Supports Principle of Civil Gideon, Lawyers e-Journal (May 23, 2007).
- Pennsylvania Bar Ass’n. Legal Services to the Public Cmte., Resolution in Support of Recognizing a Right to Counsel for Indigent Individuals in Certain Civil Cases (2007).
American Bar Association, Resolution 301 (Use of TARP fund for Civil Gideon Projects) (Feb. 2010).
American Bar Association, Resolution 114 (urging right to counsel in civil cases involving threat to physical liberty) (Feb. 2018).
Bar Association of San Francisco, Resolution 01-06-2006 Proposed to Conference of Delegates of California Bar Associations (2006).
California Model Statute Task Force
- The California Model Statute Task Force, State Basic Access Act (Feb. 8, 2008).
- The California Model Statute Task Force, State Equal Justice Act (Nov. 3, 2006).
- Clare Pastore, The California Model Statute Task Force, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 176 (2006).
Conference of Delegates of California Bar Associations, Resolution 01-06-2006.
Legal Aid of North Carolina Board of Directors, Resolution Regarding Support of American Bar Association’s “Civil Gideon Resolution” (Dec. 4, 2009).
Maryland Access to Justice Commission, Interim Report and Recommendations (Fall 2009).
Massachusetts Bar Association, Lawyers e-Journal, House of Delegates Unanimously Supports Principle of Civil Gideon (May 23, 2007).
New York State Bar Association, Resolution Approving the Report and Recommendations of the President’s Committee on Access to Justice (Nov. 2008).
New York State Legislature, C00776 / B02995 (June 18, 2015).
North Carolina Equal Access to Justice Commission, Initial Report (May 2008).
Pennsylvania Bar Ass’n. Legal Services to the Public Cmte., Resolution in Support of Recognizing a Right to Counsel for Indigent Individuals in Certain Civil Cases (2007).
Philadelphia Bar Association, Resolution Calling for the Provision of Legal Counsel for Indigent Persons in Civil Matters Where Basic Human Needs Are at Stake (Apr. 30, 2009).
Wisconsin Access to Justice Commission, Commission Supports a Civil Right to Counsel (June 16, 2011).
Speeches
Carolyn Lamm, President-Elect, American Bar Association, Opening Remarks to the ABA Access to Justice Symposium (Dec 4, 2008).
Earl Johnson, Jr. The Right to Equal Justice in Civil Cases: What Other Countries May Have to Teach (Dec. 4-5, 2008) (on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel).
Earl Johnson, Three Phases of Justice for the Poor: From Charity to Discretion to Right, 2008 Pathways to Justice Conference (June 7, 2008).
Lawrence Friedman, Marion Rice Kirkwood Professor of Law, Stanford University, Access to Justice: Some Historical Comments, 37 Fordham Urb. L. J. 3 (2010).
Legal Services Corporation 40th Anniversary, Panel: State Supreme Court Chief Justices / Judges (Sept. 15, 2014) (Press release).
Michael S. Greco, Former President, American Bar Association, Remarks to the ABA Litigation Section’s Symposium on Access to Justice (Dec. 4, 2008).
Michael S. Greco, President-Elect, American Bar Association, Speech at the Fellows of the Alabama Law Foundation Annual Dinner (Jan. 28, 2005) (on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel).
Michael S. Greco, President, American Bar Association, Keynote Address at 11th Annual WA State Access to Justice Conference: “Equal Justice Under Law” (June 10, 2006).
Richard B. Sanders, “Access to Justice”: A Noble Principle in Beggar’s Rags (Jun. 25-27, 1999).
Ronald Castille, Remarks of the Honorable Ronald D. Castille, Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, to the Senate Judiciary Committee (May 23, 2013).
Senator Tom Harkin, Remarks On Fiftieth Anniversary of Gideon v. Wainwright (Mar. 22, 2013).
Thomas D. Rowe, Elvin R. Latty Professor Emeritus, Duke University School of Law, Trying To Make the Best of the Civil-Justice Market: Interim Report on a Work in Progress (Dec 4-5, 2008) (on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel).
Tony West, Assistant Attorney General, Closing the Justice Gap: Expanding Access to Civil Justice (Jul. 31, 2009) (brief summary and quote available at Brennan Ctr. for Justice, Archive: National Campaign to Fix the Legal Services Restrictions [Feb. 22, 2010])
U.S. Attorney General William Holder, Comments at the Legal Aid Society of Cleveland Annual Luncheon (Sept. 28, 2012).
Reports / Studies
ABA Coalition for Justice, Report on the Survey of Judges on the Impact of the Economic Downturn on Representation in the Courts (July 12, 2010).
ABA Commission on the Future of Legal Services, Report (2016).
Alan Houseman, Civil Legal Aid in the United States: An Overview of the Program and Developments in 2005, Ctr. for Law and Social Policy (March 2005).
Alan Houseman, Civil Legal Aid in the United States: An Update for 2017 (Mar. 2018).
Alan W. Houseman & Linda E. Perle, Securing Equal Justice for All: A Brief History of Civil Legal Assistance in the United States, Ctr. for Law and Social Policy (Nov. 2003) (Rev. May 2018).
Alan W. Houseman, Civil Legal Aid in the United States: An Update for 2013, Center for Law and Social Policy (Nov. 2013).
Alan W. Houseman, Civil Legal Aid in the United States: An Update for 2015 (Dec. 2015).
Alan W. Houseman, Civil Legal Aid in the United States: An Update for 2019, Ctr. for Law and Social Policy (Nov. 2013).
All of the state-specific legal aid cost/benefit studies and reports can be found on the ABA SCLAID page devoted to such reports.
Also, a collection of summaries of various studies can be found at the website of the Justice in Government Project Toolkit.
American Academy for Arts and Sciences, Civil Justice for All: A Report and Recommendations from the Making Justice Accessible Initiative (2020).
Boston Bar Association Task Force on Expanding the Civil Right to Counsel, Gideon’s New Trumpet: Expanding the Civil Right to Counsel in Massachusetts (Sept. 2008).
Center for Community Solutions, Securing Stability: Legal Aid’s Lasting Impact (June 2018).
Civil Legal Justice Coalition to the PA State Senate Judiciary Committee, Toward Equal Justice for All (April 2014).
Consortium on Legal Services and the Public, American Bar Association, Legal Needs and Civil Justice: A Survey of Americans (1994).
Emily S. Taylor Poppe and Jeffrey Rachlinski, Do Lawyers Matter? The Effect of Legal Representation on Civil Disputes, 43 Pepp. L. Rev. 881 (2016), available at http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/plr/vol43/iss4/1/.
Gillian K. Hadfield, Higher Demand, Lower Supply?: A Comparative Assessment of the Legal Resource Landscape for Ordinary Americans, University of Southern California Law School Law and Economics Working Paper Series (2009), available at http://works.bepress.com/ghadfield/31.
Herbert Kritzer, Examining the Real Demand for Legal Services, William Mitchell Legal Studies Research Paper No. 102, (Oct. 2008) available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1289828.
Herbert Kritzer, Legal Advocacy: Lawyers and Nonlawyers at Work (University of Michigan Press) (1998).
James Greiner and Cassandra Wolos Pattanayak, Randomized Evaluation in Legal Assistance: What Difference Does Representation (Offer and Actual Use) Make?, 121 Yale L. J. 2118 (2012).
- Jeffrey Selbin, Jeanne Charn, Anthony Alfieri & Stephen Wizner, Service Delivery, Resource Allocation and Access to Justice: Greiner and Pattanayak and the Research Imperative, Harvard Law School Public Law & Legal Theory Working Paper Series Paper No. 12-17 (2012).
John Gross & Jerry Cox, The Cost of Representation Compared to the Cost of Incarceration, 37-Mar Champion 22 (Mar. 2013).
Kathryn Grant Madigan, Advocating for a Civil Right to Counsel in New York State, 25 Touro L. Rev. 9 (2009).
Ken Smith and Kelly Thayer, Economic Impacts of Legal Aid: Civil Justice for Low-Income People Creates Ripple Effects That Benefit Every Segment of the Communities We Serve, MIE Journal (Fall 2011).
Kia Franklin, Election ’08: A Pro-Civil Justice Presidential Platform, Drum Major Institute for Public Policy, executive summary available at http://www.tortdeform.com/archives/2007/11/opening_page.html.
Laura Abel and Susan Vignola, Economic and Other Benefits Associated with the Provision of Civil Legal Aid, 9 Seattle J. for Soc. Just. 139 (Fall/Winter 2010).
Laura Abel, Evidence-Based Access to Justice, 13 U. Pa. J. Law & Soc. Change 295 (2010).
Laura Abel, Pressing Questions Encountered by the Access to Justice and Civil Right to Counsel Movements (July 7, 2006) (on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel).
Laura K. Abel, Toward a Right to Counsel in Civil Cases in NY State: A Report of the NY State Bar Ass’n., 25 Touro L. Rev. 31 (2010).
Legal Services Corporation, Documenting the Justice Gap In America: The Current Unmet Civil Legal Needs of Low-Income Americans (Sept. 2009).
Legal Services Corporation, Documenting the Justice Gap In America: The Unmet Civil Legal Needs of Low-Income Americans (April 2022).
Legal Services Corporation, The Justice Gap: Measuring the Unmet Civil Legal Needs of Low-Income Americans (June 2017).
Maryland Task Force to Study Implementing a Right to Counsel in Maryland, Report (Oct. 1, 2014).
Minnesota State Bar Association, Civil Gideon Task Force, Access to Justice: Assessing Implementation of Civil Gideon in Minnesota (Dec. 2, 2011).
Naomi Biden, Marla Spindel and Erin Torres, The Civil Gideon: The Case for a Civil Right to Counsel, D.C. Volunteer Lawyers Project (Jan. 2017).
National Center for Access to Justice, Taking Stock of the Civil Legal Aid Movement in 2015: the Year the Pieces Came Together to Increase Access to Justice in the United States (Dec. 31, 2015).
National Center for State Courts, Virginia Self-Represented Litigant Study: Outcomes of Civil Cases in General District Court, Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court, and Circuit Court (Dec. 2017).
Philadelphia Bar Association, Chancellor’s Task Force on Civil Gideon, Reports
Rebecca Sandefur, Elements of Professional Expertise: Understanding Relational and Substantive Expertise through Lawyers’ Impact, American Sociological Review, vol. 80, 5: pp. 909-933 (Oct. 2015).
Rebecca Sandefur, The Impact of Counsel: An Analysis of Empirical Evidence, Seattle J. for Soc. Just. (Fall/Winter 2010).
Richard Block and Jack Stieber, The Impact of Attorneys and Arbitrators on Arbitration Awards, 40 Industrial and Labor Relations Rev. 543 (1987).
Richard Startz and Albert Yoon, Litigant Resources and the Evolution of Legal Precedent, Draft Version (Sept. 8, 2009).
Robert Echols, State Legal Needs Studies Point to “Justice Gap”: Recent Studies Validate Findings of 1993 ABA Study Regarding Lack of Access by Low-Income People, Dialogue at 32 (Summer 2005).
Roselle L. Wissler, Representation in Mediation: What We Know from Empirical Research, 37 Fordham Urb. L. J. 419 (2010).
Russell Engler, Connecting Self-Representation to Civil Gideon: What Existing Data Reveal about When Counsel is Most Needed, 37 Fordham Urb. L.J. 37 (2010).
Stephen Weller & David A. Price, Representing Indigent Parties in Civil Cases: An Analysis of State Practice (Nov 30, 1994).
Civil and Criminal Right to Counsel Compared
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Hong Tran, Bridging the Divide Between Civil Legal Aid Lawyers and Public Defenders, 47 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 30 (May-June 2013).
James Neuhard, Gideon Redux: A Defender’s View, 28 Cornerstone 5, 31 (Fall 2006).
John Pollock, Gideon and Civil Right to Counsel: Two Sides of a Coin, 34 NLADA Cornerstone 24 (2013).
John Pollock, It’s All About Justice: Gideon and the Right to Counsel in Civil Cases, ABA Human Rights Vol. 39 No. 4 (2013), reprinted, 27 MIE Journal 5 (Winter 2013).
Laura Abel, A Right to Counsel in Civil Cases: Lessons from Gideon v. Wainwright, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 271 (2006).
Lou Rulli, A Forecast For the Year in Law: Gideon’s Promise, UPenn Law School (Jan. 8, 2013).
Mark Juhas, On the Anniversary of Gideon, An Argument for Free Civil Representation, 36-SEP L.A. Law. 44 (Sept. 2013).
Mark Walsh, Fifty Years After Gideon, Lawyers Still Struggle to Provide Counsel to the Indigent, ABA Journal (Mar. 1, 2013).
Martha F. Davis, A Strong Need for Civil Legal Assistance, Nat’l L. J. (Mar. 18, 2013).
Rick Goralewicz, Civil Right to Counsel: Gideon’s Stand-Alone Companion, D.C. Bar Briefcase (June 2013).
Rick Goralewicz, Gideon’s Children – Not Just in Criminal Law, Okla. Bar J. Access to Justice Vo. 84 No. 14 at 1070 (May 18, 2013).
Shaun Ossei-Owusu, Civil vs. Criminal Legal Aid, 94 So. Cal. R. 1561 (2020).
Terry Woods, Civil (!?) Gideon, Knoxville Bar Association Dicta (Mar. 2013), p. 30.
Thomas Wilkinson, Side Bar: Ensuring Access to Justice When It Really Counts, 35-APR Pa. Law. 2 (Mar./Apr. 2013).
11 Hen. VII or Common Law Approach
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Felix Rackow, The Right to Counsel: English and American Precedents, 11 Wm. & Mary Q. 3 (1954), available with free jstor account.
John Macguire, Poverty and Civil Litigation, 36 Harvard L.R. 361 (1923), preview only available.
Scott F. Llewellyn and Brian Hawkins, Taking the English Right to Counsel Seriously in American ‘Civil Gideon’ Litigation, 45 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 635 (2012).
State Action Issue
Cases
Cloutterbuck v. Cloutterbuck, 556 A.2d 1082 (D.C. App. 1989).
Hill v. PS Illinois Trust, 856 N.E.2d 560 (Ill. App. 2006).
Huxtable v. Geithner, Slip Copy, 2009 WL 519933 (S.D. Cal. 2009).
In re Adoption of Crews, 803 P.2d 24 (Wash. App. 1992), aff’d, 825 P.2d 305 (Wash. 1992).
In re Adoption of Drake, 2003 WL 231298 (Ohio App. 2003) (unpublished).
In re Adoption of K.L.P., 763 N.E.2d 741, 749-53 (Ill. 2002).
In re Adoption of L.T.M., 824 N.E.2d 221 (Ill. 2005).
In re Adoption of M.C., Slip Copy, 2011 WL 6372834 (Ohio App. 2011).
In re Braundmeier, 558 N.E.2d 805 (Ill. App. 1990).
In re K.L.J., 813 P.2d 276 (Alaska 1991).
In re Marriage of Stariha, 509 N.E.2d 1117 (Ind. App. 1987).
Jagr v. Kubus, 481 N.Y.S.2d 977 (N.Y. Jus. Ct. 1984).
Kennedy v. Wood, 439 N.E.2d 1367 (Ind. App. 1982).
M.L.B. v. S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102 (1996).
Madeline G. v. David R., 407 N.Y.S.2d 414 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1978).
Matter of K.A.S., 499 N.W.2d 558 (N.D. 1993).
Otton v. Zaborac, 525 P.2d 537 (Alaska 1974).
Rank v. Nimmo, 677 F.2d 692 (9th Cir. 1982).
U.S. v. Whitney, 602 F.Supp. 722 (W.D.N.Y. 1985).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
John Pollock, Going Public: The State-Action Requirement of Due Process in Foreclosure Litigation, 43 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 458 (Jan.-Feb. 2010).
State Constitutional Analysis
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Jack Landau, Symposium of Tomorrow’s Issue in State Constitutional Law: A Judge’s Perspective on the Use and Misuse of History in State Constitutional Interpretation, 38 Val. U.L. Rev. 451 (2004).
John Bauman, Remedies Provisions in State Constitutions and the Proper Role of the State Courts, 26 Wake Forest L. Rev. 237 (1991).
Brief of American Civil Liberties Union of Washington as Amicus Curiae Supporting Petitioner, Woodinville v. Northshore United Church of Christ, 166 Wash.2d 633 (Wash. Sup. Ct. 2008) (No. 80588-1).
Brief of Amicus Curiae Northwest Women’s Law Center Supporting Appellant, In re Custody of Halls, 125 Wash.App. 1035 (Wash. Ct. App. Div. II 2005) (No. 30761-8 II).
Brian Snure, A Frequent Recurrence to Fundamental Principles: Individual Rights, Free Government, and the Washington State Constitution, 67 Wash. L. Rev. 669 (1992).
Jonathan Thompson, The Washington Constitution’s Prohibition on Special Privileges and Immunities: Real Bite for “Equal Protection” Review of Regulatory Legislation, 69 Temp. L. Rev. 1247 (1996).
Washington Constitution:
- Brief of American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Washington as Amicus Curiae Supporting Petitioner, Woodinville v. Northshore United Church of Christ, 166 Wash.2d 633 (Wash. Sup. Ct. 2008) (No. 80588-1).
- Brief of Amicus Curiae Northwest Women’s Law Center Supporting Appellant, In re Custody of Halls, 125 Wash.App. 1035 (Wash. Ct. App. Div. II 2005) (No. 30761-8 II).
- Brian Snure, A Frequent Recurrence to Fundamental Principles: Individual Rights, Free Government, and the Washington State Constitution, 67 Wash. L. Rev. 669 (1992).
- Jonathan Thompson, The Washington Constitution’s Prohibition on Special Privileges and Immunities: Real Bite for “Equal Protection” Review of Regulatory Legislation, 69 Temp. L. Rev. 1247 (1996).
General Access to Justice
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Alan W. Houseman & Linda E. Perle, Securing Equal Justice for All: A Brief History of Civil Legal Assistance in the United States, Center for Law and Social Policy (Nov. 2003) (Rev. May 2018).
Bruce A. Green, Foreward: Deborah L. Rhode’s Access to Justice, 73 Fordham L. Rev. 841 (2004).
Deborah L. Rhode, Access to Justice: Again, Still, 73 Fordham L. Rev. 1013 (2004).
Deborah L. Rhode, Too Much Law, Too Little Justice: Too Much Rhetoric, Too Little Reform, 11 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 989 (1998).
Deborah Rhode, Access to Justice: Connecting Principles to Practice, 17 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 369 (2004).
Don Saunders, Building State Justice Communities: Where Do We Go From Here?, NLADA Cornerstone (2005).
Gary Blasi, How Much Access? How Much Justice?, 73 Fordham L. Rev. 865 (2004)
Lawrence M. Friedman, Access to Justice: Some Comments, 73 Fordham L. Rev. 927 (2004)
Norman W. Spaulding, The Luxury of the Law: The Codification Movement and the Right to Counsel, 73 Fordham L. Rev. 983 (2004).
Russell Engler, And Justice for All – Including the Unrepresented Poor: Revisiting the Roles of the Judges, Mediators, and Clerks, 67 Fordham L. Rev. 1987 (1999).
Ruth Bader Ginsberg, In Pursuit of the Public Good: Access to Justice in the United States, 7 Wash. U. J.L. & Pol’y 1 (2001)
Steven H. Hobbs, Shout from Taller Rooftops: A Response to Deborah L. Rhode’s Access to Justice, 73 Fordham L. Rev. 935 (2004).
Sundeep Kothari, And Justice for All: The Role Equal Protection and Due Process Principles Have Played in Providing Indigents with Meaningful Access to the Courts, 72 Tul. L. Rev. 2159 (1998).
William C. Vickrey, et al., Access to Justice: A Broader Perspective, 42 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 1147 (2009).
Reports / Studies
National Center for State Courts, The Landscape of Civil Litigation in State Courts (2015).
National Center for State Courts, How the Public Views the State Courts: A 1999 National Survey (May 14, 1999)
Pro Se Issues
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Barrie Althoff, Ethics and the Law: Ethical Considerations for Lawyers and Judges When Dealing with Unrepresented Persons, Wash. State Bar News (Jan. 2000).
Bruce D. Sales, Connie J. Beck, & Richard K. Haan, Is Self-Representation a Reasonable Alternative to Attorney Representation in Divorce Cases?, 37 St. Louis U. L.J. 553 (1993) (available with HeinOnline subscription).
Conference of State Court Administrators, Position Paper on Self-Represented Litigation (Aug. 2000), available at https://cosca.ncsc.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/23381/selfreplitigation.pdf.
Dan Conley, O. Thomas Armstrong, and Jeffrey O. Davis, with Nathan R. Mathews, Judges’ Views of Pro Se Litigants’ Effect on Courts, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 228 (2006).
Deborah J. Cantrell, Justice for Interests of the Poor: The Problem of Navigating the System without Counsel, 70 Fordham L. Rev. 1573 (2002).
Erica L. Fox, Alone in the Hallway: Challenges to Effective Self-Representation in Negotiation, 1 Harv. Negot. L. Rev. 85 (1996).
Jona Goldschmidt, How are Courts Handling Pro Se Litigants? Litigation by People Who Represent Themselves is a Growing Phenomenon That Presents a Variety of Challenges to Court Staff and Judges, 82 Judicature 13 (1998).
Jona Goldschmidt, The Pro Se Litigant’s Struggle for Access to Justice: Meeting the Challenge of Bench and Bar Resistance, 40 Fam. Ct. Rev. 36 (2002).
Rebecca A. Albrecht, et al., Judicial Techniques for Cases Involving Self-Represented Litigants, 42 Judges’ J. 16 (2003), available at http://www.zorza.net/JudicalTech.JJWi03.pdf.
Richard Zorza, Discrete Task Representation, Ethics, and the Big Picture: Toward a New Jurisprudence, 40 Fam. Ct. Rev. 19 (2002).
Richard Zorza, The Disconnect Between the Requirements of Judicial Neutrality and Those of the Appearance of Neutrality When Parties Appear Pro Se: Causes, Solutions, Recommendations, and Implications, 17 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 423 (2004).
Russell Engler, And Justice for All—Including the Unrepresented Poor: Revisiting the Roles of the Judges, Mediators and Clerks, 67 Fordham L. Rev. 1987 (1999).
Russell Engler, Out of Sight and Out of Line: The Need for Regulations of Lawyers’ Negotiations with Unrepresented Poor Persons, 85 Cal. L. Rev. 79 (1997).
Stephan Landsman, Nothing for Something? Denying Access to Legal Assistance to Those Compelled to Participate in ADR Proceedings, 37 Fordham Urb. L.J. 273 (2010).
Reports / Studies
Beth M. Henschen, Lessons from the Country: Serving Self-Represented Litigants in Rural Jurisdictions, American Judiciary Society (2002).
Jessica Pearson & Lanae Davis, The Hotline Outcomes Assessment Study: Final Report – Phase III: Full-Scale Telephone Survey, Center for Policy Research (2002).
John M. Greacen & Kevin Stinson, Report on the Programs to Assist Self Represented Litigants of the State of Alaska (Oct. 11, 2004).
John M. Greacen, Resources to Assist Self-Represented Litigants; A Fifty-State Review of the “State of the “Art”, Mich. State Bar Ass’n (June 2011).
John M. Greacen, Self Represented Litigants and Court and Legal Services Responses to Their Needs: What We Know, Center for Families, Children & the Courts, Cal. Admin. Office of the Courts (N.D.).
Judicial Council of California, Model Self-Help Pilot Program: A Report to the Legislature (Mar. 2005).
Judicial Services Division Administrative Office of the Courts, An Analysis of Pro Se Litigants in Washington State 1995-2000 (undated).
Kevin Lane, Is the Long Beach Self-Help Center Meeting the Family Law Needs of the Court and the Community?, Institute for Court Mgmt., Court Executive Development Program, Phase III Project (May 2004).
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Steering Committee on Self-Represented Litigants, Addressing the Needs of Self-Represented Litigants in Our Courts: Final Report and Recommendations (Nov. 21, 2008).
New Hampshire Supreme Court Task Force on Self-Representation, Challenge to Justice: A Report on Self-Represented Litigants in New Hampshire Courts (Jan. 2004) [excerpt of report available in Appendix B of New Hampshire Legal Assistance, Civil Legal Services and the “Working Poor” Pilot Project (Nov. 1, 2006)].
Paula Hannaford-Agor & Nicole Mott, Research on Self-Represented Litigation: Preliminary Results and Methodological Considerations, Just. 24 Sys. J.163 (2003).
Ronald W. Staudt and Paula L. Hannaford, Access to Justice for the Self-Represented Litigant: An Interdisciplinary Investigation by Designers and Lawyers, 52 Syracuse L Rev 1017 (2002).
Wisconsin Pro Se Working Group, Pro Se Litigation: Meeting the Challenge of Self-Represented Litigants in Wisconsin (Dec. 2000).
Anti-Injunction
Cases
Iraheta v. Superior Court, 83 Cal.Rptr.2d 471 (Cal. Ct. App. 1999).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Appellate Issues
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Brad Feldman, An Appeal for Immediate Appealability: Applying the Collateral Order Doctrine to Orders Denying Appointed Counsel in Civil Rights Cases, 99 Geo. L.J. 1717 (Aug. 2011).
Charles R. Richey, Manual of Employment Discrimination and Civil Rights Actions in the Federal Courts,1 Manual on Employment Discrimination § 4:88 (database updated Feb. 2010). Available on Westlaw.
Vivek Sankaran, No Harm, No Foul? Why Harmless Error Analysis Should Not Be Used To Review Wrongful Denials Of Counsel To Parents In Child Welfare Cases, 63 S.C. L. Rev. 13 (Autumn 2011).
Wesley Kobylak, Appealability of Federal Court Order Denying Motion for Appointment of Counsel for Indigent Party, 67 A.L.R. Fed. 925 (originally published in 1984).
Courts Utilizing Inherent or Supervisory Power
Cases
Colbert v. Rickmon, 747 F.Supp. 518 (W.D. Ark. 1990).
DeLisio v. Alaska Super. Ct., 740 P.2d 437 (Alaska 1987).
Family Division Trial Lawyers of the Superior Court – D.C. v. Moultree, 725 F.2d 695 (D.C. Cir. 1984).
In re Sparks v. Parker, 368 So.2d 528 (Ala. 1979).
Jewel v. Maynard, 383 S.E.2d 536 (W.Va. 1989).
Madden v. Delran, 601 A.2d 211 (N.J. 1992).
Morgan v. Kopecky Charter Bus Co., 760 F.2d 919 (9th Cir. 1985).
Rhoades v. Penfold, 694 F.2d 1043 (6th Cir. 1983).
South Carolina Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Tharp, 439 S.E.2d 854 (S.C. 1994).
State ex rel. Scott v. Roper, 688 S.W.2d 757 (Mo. 1985).
United States v. Dillon, 346 F.2d 633 (9th Cir. 1965).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Beth M. Coleman, The Constitutionality of Compulsory Attorney Service: The Void Left by Mallard, 68 N.C. L. Rev. 575 (1990).
Bruce Andrew Green, Court Appointment of Attorneys in Civil Cases: The Constitutionality of Uncompensated Legal Assistance, 81 Colum. L. Rev. 366 (1981).
David Moore, Invoking the Inherent Powers Doctrine to Compel Representation of Indigent Civil Litigants in Federal Court, 10 Rev. Litig. 769 (1991).
Gary D. Spivey, Inherent Power of Court to Compel Appropriation or Expenditure of Funds For Judicial Purposes, 59 A.L.R.3d 569 (originally published in 1974).
Howard A. Matalon, The Civil Indigent’s Last Chance for Meaningful Access to the Federal Courts: The Inherent Power to Mandate Pro Bono Publico, 71 B.U. L. Rev. 545 (1991).
Jerry L. Anderson, Court-Appointed Counsel: The Constitutionality of Uncompensated Conscription, 3 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 503 (1990).
John C. Scully, Mandatory Pro Bono: An Attack on the Constitution, 19 Hofstra L. Rev. 1229 (1991).
Reports / Studies
National Right to Counsel Committee, Justice Denied: America’s Continuing Neglect of Our Constitutional Right to Counsel (Apr. 2009).
Class Actions
Cases
Davis v. Page, 714 F.2d 512 (5th Cir. 1983), cert denied, 464 U.S. 1052 (1984).
Glover v. Johnson, 850 F.Supp. 592 (E.D. Mich. 1994).
Lake v. Speziale, 580 F.Supp. 1318 (D. Conn 1984).
Nicholson v. Williams, 203 F.Supp.2d 153 (E.D. N.Y. 2002).
Rhoades v. Penfold, 694 F.2d 1043 (6th Cir. 1983).
Consumer Issues
Bankruptcy
Cases
In re Mesaba Aviation, 2009 WL 3806165 (Bankr. 8th Cir. 2006).
Debt Collection
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
American Civil Liberties Union, A Pound of Flesh: The Criminalization of Private Debt (2018).
Joel Tay, Consumer Debt Collection in Massachusetts: Is Civil Gideon a Solution?, 11 Harv. L & Poly. Rev. S1 (2017).
Lisa Stifler, Debt in the Courts: The Scourge of Abusive Debt Collection Litigation and Possible Policy Solutions, 11 Harv. L. & Poly. Rev. 91 (2017).
Criminal Law Relevant to Civil Right to Counsel
Cases
Halbert v. Michigan, 545 U.S. 605 (2005).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Cynthia Works, Reentry—The Tie That Binds Civil Legal Aid Attorneys and Public Defenders, 37 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 328 (2003).
Douglas L. Colbert, Thirty-five Years After Gideon: The Illusory Right to Counsel at Bail Proceedings, 1998 U. Ill. L. Rev. 1 (1998).
Norman Lefstein, The Movement Towards Indigent Defense Reform: Louisiana and Other States, 9 Loy. J. Pub. Int. L 125 (2008).
Model Acts / Resolutions / Treaties
ABA Standing Committee on Legal Aid and Indigent Defendants, Ten Principles of a Public Defense Delivery System (2002).
Reports / Studies
Malia Brink, Indigent Defense Reform in Virginia: A Long Road Well-Traveled, The Champion at 10 (May 2007).
National Right to Counsel Committee, Justice Denied: America’s Continuing Neglect of Our Constitutional Right to Counsel (Apr. 2009).
Debtor's Prison (Including Child Support Contempt)
Cases
In re Custody of Halls (Halls v. Arden), 109 P.3d 15 (Wash. App. 2005).
Documents from the Halls case:
Liming v. Damos, No. 10CA39, 2011 WL 2225067 (Ohio Ct. App. May 27, 2011).
Miller v. Deal, NO. 2011CV198121 (Ga. Sup. Ct. 2011), class cert reversed, Deal v. Miller, 739 S.E.2d 487 (Ga. Ct. App. 2013), review granted, Miller v. Deal, NO. S13G1197 (Ga. 2013).
- See also Southern Ctr. for Human Rights, Georgia deprives children as indigent parents languish in debtors’ jail for inability to pay child support [describing the significance of the Miller, et al. v. Deal case, No. 2011-cv-198121 (Fulton County Superior Court), which SCHR filed on behalf of indigent parents jailed for child support debt in proceedings in which the State was represented by counsel, but the parent did not have counsel.]
Turner v. Rogers (Price), 564 U.S. 431 (2011).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Ashley Robertson, Revisiting Turner v. Rogers, 69 Stan. L. Rev. 1541 (2017).
Brooke Coleman, Prison is Prison, 88 Notre Dame L. Rev. 2399 (June 2013).
Edward Mascolo, Procedural Due Process and the Right to Appointed Counsel in Civil Contempt Proceedings, 5 W. New Eng. L. Rev. 601 (1983).
Elizabeth Patterson, Civil Contempt and the Indigent Child Support Obligor: The Silent Return of Debtor’s Prison, 18 Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol’y 95 (2008).
Gina Rose Lauterio, Why Turner v. Rogers Wasn’t Correctly Decided: How the Fourteenth Amendment SHould be Read for Child Support Contemnors, 20 Wash. & Lee J. Civil Rts. & Soc. Just. 175 (Fall 2013).
Jack W. Shaw, Jr., Right to Counsel in Contempt Proceedings, 52 A.L.R.3d 1002 (1973).
Jacob Fiddelman, Protecting the Liberty of Indigent Civil Contemnors in the Absence of Appointed Counsel, 46 Colum. J.L. & Soc. Probs. 431 (Summer 2013).
Jessica Kornberg, Rethinking Civil Contempt Incarceration, 44 No. 1 Crim. Law Bulletin 4 (Jan-Feb 2008).
Kurt Hausler, The Right to Appointment of Counsel for the Indigent Civil Contemnor Facing Incarceration for Failure to Pay Child Support–McBride v. McBride, 16 Campbell L.Rev. 127 (Winter 1994).
Laura K. Abel, Turner V. Rogers and the Right of Meaningful Access to the Courts, 89 Denv. U. L. Rev. 805 (2012).
Marjorie Caner, Right to Appointment of Counsel in Contempt Proceedings, 32 A.L.R.5th 31 (1995).
Norman Reimer, Turner v. Rogers and the Ghost of Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 35-AUG Champion 7 (July/Aug. 2011).
Robert Monk, The Indigent Defendant’s Right to Court-Appointed Counsel in Civil Contempt Proceedings for Nonpayment of Child Support, 50 U. Chi. L. Rev. 326 (Winter 1983).
Shannon Donahue, Fathers Behind Bars: The Right to Counsel in Civil Contempt Proceedings, 14 N.M. L. Rev. 275 (Spring 1984).
Tom Pryor, Turner v. Rogers, the Right to Counsel, and the Deficiencies of Mathews v. Eldridge, 97 Minn L. Rev. 1854 (May 2013).
Model Acts / Resolutions / Treaties
The National Right to Counsel Committee of the Constitution Project, An Additional Recommendation from the Constitution Project’s National Right to Counsel Committee Regarding Counsel in Civil Contempt Proceedings (June 28, 2010).
Reports / Studies
Abby Shafroth, Criminal Justice Debt in the South: A Primer for the Southern Partnership to Reduce Debt, National Consumer Law Center (Dec. 2018).
ACLU, A Pound of Flesh: The Criminalization of Private Debt (2018).
Alabama Appleseed, Under Pressure (2008).
Alexandra Bastien, Ending the Debt Trap: Strategies to Stop the Abuse of Court-Imposed Fees and Fines, PolicyLink (Mar. 2017).
Elizabeth Patterson, Turner in the Trenches: A Study of How Turner v. Rogers Affected Child Support Contempt Proceedings, 25 Geo. J. on Poverty L. Pol’y 75 (2017).
Her Justice, Towards Justice for Parents in Child Support Cases (Mar. 2021).
Job Opportunities Task Force, The Criminalization of Poverty: How to Break the Cycle Through Policy Reform in Maryland (Jan. 2018).
Margaret F. Brinig and Marsha Garrison, Getting Blood from Stones: Results and Policy Implications of an Empirical Investigation of Child Support Practice in St. Joseph County, Indiana Paternity Actions, 56 Fam. Ct. Rev. 521 (Oct. 2018).
Mass. Senate Committee on Post Audit and Oversight, Fine Time Massachusetts: Judges, Poor People, and Debtors’ Prison in the 21st Century (Nov. 7, 2016).
Mass. Trial Court Fines and Fees Working Group, Report to Trial Court Chief Justice Paula M. Carey (Nov. 17, 2016).
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Targeted Fines and Fees Against Communities of Color: Civil Rights & Constitutional Implications (Sept. 2017).
Domestic Violence
Cases
Cloutterbuck v. Cloutterbuck, 556 A.2d 1082 (D.C. 1989).
Cox v. Simmons, No. 07-07-0320-CV, 2007 WL 2409746 (Tex. Ct. App. Aug. 24, 2007) (unpublished).
D.N. v. K.M., 61 A.3d 150 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 2013).
Case documents:
Elstun v. Elstun, 589 N.W.2d 334 (Neb. Ct. App. 1999).
In re D.L. (Leone v. Owen), 937 N.E.2d 1042 (Ohio Ct. App. 2010).
In re D.L., 937 N.E.2d 1042 (Ohio. Ct. App. 2010).
In re Moua, No. A10–161, 2010 WL 5290608 (Minn. Ct. App. Dec. 28, 2010) (unpublished).
In re T.W., 520 N.E.2d 1107 (Ill. App. 1988).
J.L. v. G.D., 29 A.3d 752 (N.J. Super. Ch. Div. 2010).
Lopez v. State, No. 12–02–00380–CV, 2003 WL 23015072 (Tex. Ct. App. Dec. 23, 2003) (unpublished).
Nicholson v. Williams, 203 F.Supp.2d 153 (E.D. N.Y. 2002).
Striedel v. Striedel, 15 S.W.3d 163 (Tex. Ct. App. 2000).
Williams v. Rhodes, 540 N.E.2d 1114 (Ill. App. 1989).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Beverly Balos, Domestic Violence Matters: The Case for Appointed Counsel in Protective Order Proceedings, 15 Temp. Pol. & Civ. Rts. L. Rev. 557 (2006).
Catherine F. Klein & Leslye E. Orloff, Providing Legal Protection for Battered Women: An Analysis of State Statutes and Case Law, 21 Hofstra L. Rev. 801 (Summer 1993).
Christine Zellar Church, The Servicemembers Civil Relief Act: Protecting Victims of Domestic Violence in Protection Order Cases Involving the Military, 12 T.M. Cooley J. Prac. & Clinical L. 335 (2010).
Lisa E. Martin, Providing Equal Justice for the Domestic Violence Victim: Due Process and the Victim’s Right to Counsel, 34 Gonz. L. Rev. 329 (1998-1999).
Madison Morton, Someone In Their Corner: Protecting Pennsylvania’s Domestic Violence Victims With A Civil Right To Counsel In Family Court Proceedings, 15 Drexel L. Rev. 709 (2023).
Peter Finn & Sarah Colson, Civil Protection Orders: Legislation, Current Court Practice, and Enforcement, National Institute of Justice (May 1990).
Ruth Anne Robbins, Three 3Ls, Kairos, and the Civil Right to Counsel in Domestic Violence Cases, 2015 Mich. St. L. Rev. 1359 (2016).
Reports / Studies
Amy Farmer and Jill Tiefenthaler, Explaining the Recent Decline in Domestic Violence, 21 Contemporary Econ. Policy 158 (2003) (finding that the increased provision of legal services for victims of intimate partner abuse is one of three important factors likely contributing to the decline in the incidence of domestic violence).
Dr. Bryan Engelhardt and Dr. David L. Fuller, The Economic Impact of the Christine Ann Domestic Abuse Services Domestic Violence Legal Assistance Project (Mar. 2018).
Jane Murphy, Engaging with the State: The Growing Reliance on Lawyers and Judges to Protect Battered Women, 11 Am. U. J. Gender Soc. Pol’y & L. 499 (2003).
Jennifer S. Rosenberg and Denise A. Grab, Supporting Survivors: The Economic Benefits of Providing Civil Legal Assistance to Survivors of Domestic Violence, Inst. for Policy Integrity, New York Univ. Sch. of L. (July 2015).
Liz Elwart, et al., Increasing Access to Restraining Orders for Low-Income Victims of Domestic Violence: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Proposed Domestic Abuse Grant Program, Wisconsin Access To Justice Committee Report (Dec. 2006).
TK Logan et al., The Kentucky Civil Protective Order Study: A Rural and Urban Multiple Perspective Study of Protective Order Violation Consequences, Responses, & Costs, Univ. of Kentucky (Sept. 2009).
Education
Cases
Bellevue School Dist. v. E.S., 199 P.3d 1010 (Wash. App. 2009), rev’d, 257 P.3d 570 (Wash. 2010): The briefs for this case are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
Black Coalition v. Portland School Dist., 484 F.2d 1040 (9th Cir. 1973).
Boykins v. Fairfield Bd. of Ed., 492 F.2d 697 (5th Cir. 1974).
Clauson v. City of Springfield, 848 F.Supp.2d 63 (D.Mass. 2012).
Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565 (1975).
Osteen v. Henley, 13 F.3d 221 (7th Cir. 1993).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Daniel J. Gibbs, Status Offenses and Dejudicialization: Establishing a Right to Counsel in Informal Diversion Proceedings, 19 U.C. Davis J. Juv. L. & Pol’y 126 (Winter 2015).
Dean Hill Rivkin and Brenda McGee, Truancy Lawyering in Status Offense Cases: An Access to Justice Challenge, American Bar Association Section of Litigation Children’s Rights (Oct. 28, 2014).
Eric Weinhold, Gideon Goes to School: An Argument for a Right to Appointed Counsel in School Disciplinary Cases, 81 Alb. L. Rev. 1395 (2017/2018).
Julie K. Waterstone, Counsel in School Exclusion Cases: Leveling the Playing Field, 46 Seton Hall L.R. 471 (2016).
Sarah Holman Loy, Reputation & Fair Results: The Case for School-Funded Counsel in College Sexual Assault Disciplinary Proceedings, 48 J.L. & Educ. 349 (Summer 2019).
Simone Marie Freeman, Upholding Students’ Due Process Rights: Why Students Are In Need Of Better Representation At, And Alternatives To, School Suspension Hearings, Family Court Review, Vol. 45 No. 4 (Oct 2007).
Model Acts / Resolutions / Treaties
American Bar Association, Resolution 118B (right to representation by counsel in exclusionary proceedings, adopted Aug. 3-4, 2009).
Dignity in Schools Campaign, A Model Code on Education and Dignity: Presenting a Human Rights Framework for Schools (Aug. 2012) (Rev. Oct. 2013).
Family Law
Abuse/ Neglect/ Termination of Parental Rights/ Adoption
Children
Cases
In re Adoption of Meaghan, 961 N.E.2d 110 (Mass. 2012)
In re Dependency of E.H., 2010 WL 4900974 (Wash. App. 2010) (dependency).
In re Dependency of MSR, 174 Wash. 2d 1, 271 P.3d 234 (2012), as corrected (May 8, 2012).
- Briefs can be found at http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A08/857296%20amicus%20of%20Mockingbird%20Society.pdf.
- The video of the oral argument can be found at http://www.tvw.org/index.php?option=com_tvwplayer&eventID=2011100005C.
In re DR/AR, No. 84132-2 (Wash. 2011) (pet. dismissed as improvidently granted): The briefs for this case are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
In re J.A., No. 45134-4-II (Wash. App. 2014).
Case documents:
In re K.L.J., 813 P.2d 276 (Alaska 1991).
In re McBride, 766 N.W.2d 857 (Mich. 2009) (leave to appeal denied).
Case documents:
In re Mitchell, No. 286895, 2009 WL 763930 (Mich. Ct. App. Mar. 24, 2009) (unpublished), rev’d, 773 N.W.2d 663 (Mich. 2009): The briefs for this case are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
Kenny A. v. Perdue, 356 Supp.2d 1353 (N.D. Ga. 2005) (dependency).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Amy Harfeld, Twenty Years of Progress in Advocating for a Child’s Right to Counsel, ABA Children’s Committee (March 22, 2019).
Barbara Atwood, Representing Children Who Can’t or Won’t Direct Counsel: Best Interests Lawyering or No Lawyer At All?, 53 Ariz. L. Rev. 381 (Summer 2011).
Barbara Glesner Fines, Almost Pro-Bono: Judicial Appointments of Attorneys in Juvenile and Child Dependency Actions, 72 UMKC L. Rev. 337 (2003).
Breanna Madison, NOTE: Whose child are you? Protecting black children and families predisposed to the harms of the family regulation system, 67 How. L.J. 155 (2023-2024) (proposing “solutions to correct the errors of Lassiter and overall issues with the United States’ handling of child neglect cases in two ways: (1) asserting that there is an implied fundamental right to be parented to heighten the level of scrutiny in parental rights cases and (2) recognizing children as a suspect classification to address the invidious discrimination that occurs in child neglect procedures.”).
Catherine J. Ross, From Vulnerability to Voice: Appointing Counsel for Children in Civil Litigation, 64 Fordham L. Rev. 1571 (1996).
Cynthia Godsoe, All in the Family: Towards a New Representational Model for Parents and Children, 24 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 303 (Spring 2011).
Donald N. Duquette, Legal Representation for Children in Protection Proceedings: Two Distinct Lawyer Roles Are Required, 34 Fam. L.Q. 441 (2000)
Donald N. Duquette, Child Representation in America: Progress Report from the National Quality Improvement Center, 46 Fam. L.Q. 87 (Spring 2012).
Elizabeth Mills Viney, The Right to Counsel in Parental Rights Termination Cases: How a Clear and Consistent Legal Standard Would Better Protect Indigent Families, 63 SMU L. Rev. 1403 (2010).
Erik Pitchal, Children’s’ Constitutional Rights to Counsel in Dependency Cases, 15 Temp. Pol. & Civ. Rts. L. Rev. 663 (2005-2006).
Erin Shea McCann and Casey Trupin, Kenny A Does Not Live Here: Efforts in Washington State to Improve Legal Representation for Children in Foster Care, 36 Nova L. Rev. 363 (Spring 2012).
Ira Lustbader and Erik Pitchal, Implementation of the Right to Counsel for Children in Juvenile Court Dependency Proceedings: Lessons From Kenny A, 36 Nova L. Rev. 407 (Spring 2012).
Jacob Ethan Smiles, A Child’s Due Process Right to Legal. Counsel in Abuse and Neglect Dependency Proceedings, 37 Fam. L.Q. 485 (2003).
Jennifer Bellah, Appointing Counsel for the Child in Actions to Terminate Parental Rights, 70 Cal. L. Rev. 481 (1982).
Jennifer K. Pokempner, Riya Saha Shah, Mark F. Houldin, Michael J. Dale, and Robert G. Schwartz, The Legal Significance of Adolescent Development On the Right To Counsel: Establishing the Constitutional Right To Counsel for Teens in Child Welfare Matters and Assuring a Meaningful Right To Counsel in Delinquency Matters, 47 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 529 (Summer 2012).
Josh Gupta-Kagan, America’s Hidden Foster Care System, 72 Stan. L. Rev. 841 (Apr. 2020).
Judge Leonard Edwards, Improving Juvenile Dependency Courts, Juv. and Fam. Ct. J. (1997).
Judge Leonard Edwards, Representation of Parents and Children in Abuse and Neglect Cases: The Importance of Early Appointment, Juvenile and Family Court Journal. 63(2) (Spring 2012)
LaShanda Taylor, A Lawyer for Every Child: Client-Directed Representation in Dependency Cases, 47 Fam. Ct. Rev. 605 (2009).
Linda D. Elrod, Client-Directed Lawyers for Children: It Is the “Right” Thing to Do?, 27 Pace L. Rev. 869 (2007).
Linda Elrod, Counsel for the Child in Custody Disputes – The Time Is Now, 26 Fam. L.Q. 53 (1992).
Linda Elrod, Child Custody Practice and Procedure Database, Child Custody Prac. & Proc. § 12:4 (updated October 2009).
Lois A. Weinberg, Carl Weinberg & Nancy M. Shea, Advocacy’s Role in Identifying Dysfunctions in Agencies Serving Abused and Neglected Children, 2 Child Maltreatment 212 (1997).
Massachusetts Div. of Child and Family Law, Committee for Public Counsel Services, Summary of Bill Re Extending Court Jurisdiction and Right to Counsel to Include 18-22 Y.O.’s (Oct. 2010)
Michael Dale & Louis Reidenberg, Providing Attorneys for Children in Dependency and Termination of Parental Rights Proceedings in Florida: The Issue Updated, 35 Nova L. Rev. 305 (Spring 2011).
Michael Dale & Louis Reidenberg, The Kids Aren’t Alright: Every Child Should Have An Attorney in Child Welfare Proceedings in Florida, 36 Nova L. Rev. 345 (Spring 2012).
Miriam C. Meyer-Thompson, Wanted: Forever Home: Achieving Permanent Outcomes for Nevada’s Foster Children, 14 Nev. L.J. 268 (Fall 2013).
Sarah Dina Moore Alba, Searching for the “Civil Gideon”: Procedural Due Process and the Juvenile Right to Counsel in Termination Proceedings, 13 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 1079 (May 2011).
Sarah L. Marx, Seen But Not Heard: Advocating for Children in New York State, 25 Touro L.R. 491 (2009).
Shireen Husain, A Voice For The Voiceless: A Child’s Right To Legal Representation In Dependency Proceedings, 79 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 232 (Nov. 2010).
Suparna Malempati, Beyond Paternalism: The Role of Counsel for Children in Abuse and Neglect Proceedings, 11 U. N.H. L. Rev. 97, 99 (2013).
Suparna Malempati, The Illusion of Due Process for Children in Dependency Proceedings, 44 Cumb. L. Rev. 181 (2013-14).
William Wesley Patton, It Matters Not What Is But What Might Have Been: The Standard of Appellate Review for Denial of Counsel in Child Dependency and Parental Severance Trials, 12 Whittier L. Rev. 537 (1991).
William Wesley Patton, Standards of Appellate Review for Denial of Counsel and Ineffective Assistance of Counsel in Child Protection and Parental Severance Trials, 27 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. 195 (1996).
Model Acts / Resolutions / Treaties
American Bar Association Section of Family Law, Standards of Practice for Lawyers Representing Children in Custody Cases (Aug. 2003), available at http://www.americanbar.org/groups/family_law/resources/standards_of_practice_reports_recommendations.html.
American Bar Association, Center on Children and the Law, The Bar-Youth Empowerment Project, Resolution (Aug. 2005).
American Bar Association, Model Act Governing the Representation of Children in Abuse, Neglect, and Dependency Proceedings (101A) (2011).
American Bar Association, Standards of Practice for Lawyers Who Represent Children in Abuse and Neglect Cases, (approved by the ABA House of Delegates Feb. 5, 1996), available at http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/family/reports/standards_abuseneglect.authcheckdam.pdf.
Washington State Bar Association, Model Act Governing the Representation of Children in Abuse, Neglect, and Dependency Proceedings (2015), available at http://www.columbialegal.org/sites/default/files/2015%200515%20JLS%20WSBA%20Resolution.pdf.
Reports / Studies
Alicia LeVezu, Defending Our Children: A Child’s Access to Justice in Washington State, Access to Counsel Project at the Children and Youth Advocacy Clinic, University of Washington School of Law (Aug. 2016) (summary of report).
Alicia LeVezu, Defending Our Children: A Child’s Access to Justice in Washington State, Access to Counsel Project at the Children and Youth Advocacy Clinic, University of Washington School of Law (Aug. 2016), summary available at https://www.law.uw.edu/news-events/news/2016/justice-by-geography/.
Andrew Zinn & Jack Slowriver, Expediting Permanency: Legal Representation for Foster Children in Palm Beach County, Chapin Hall Center for Children, University of Chicago (2008), available at https://www.issuelab.org/resources/1070/1070.pdf.
Clark Peters, Measuring the Impact of Children’s Rights to Counsel: Advancing Child Due Process and Well-Being in the Juvenile Court Ecology, State Policy Advocacy and Reform Center (Feb. 2016), available at https://firstfocus.org/resources/fact-sheet/measuring-impact-childrens-rights-counsel/.
First Star, A Child’s Right to Counsel: A National Report Card on Legal Representation for Abused & Neglected Children, Fourth Edition (2019), available at https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/2b5285_aa4a099876dd40ee853d6861e8ba8b5b.pdf.
Juvenile Law Center, National Extended Foster Care Review: 50-State Survey of Law and Policy (2018).
Nat’l Ass’n of Counsel for Children (NACC), Seen, Heard, and Represented: A Policymaker’s Guide to Counsel for Kids (Apr. 2023).
Nat’l Ass’n of Counsel for Children (NACC), Evaluation of the Guardian Ad Litem System in Nebraska (Dec. 2009).
National Association of Counsel for Children, Infographic: Right to Counsel for Children in Dependency Cases (2015), available at https://www.human-made.com/portfolio/the-right-to-counsel-for-children-in-dependency-cases-infographic/.
Robert Kelly and Sarah Ramsey, Do Attorneys for Children on Protection Proceedings Make a Difference? A Study of the Impact of Representation Under Conditions of High Judicial Intervention, 21 Journal of Family Law 405 (1982), available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1883568.
Supreme Court Of Texas, Permanent Judicial Commission For Children, Youth & Families, Assessment of Appointed Representation in Texas Child-Protection Proceedings (Jan. 2011).
Susan Snyder, Promises Kept, Promises Broken: An Analysis of Children’s Right to Counsel in Dependency Proceedings in Pennsylvania, Juvenile Law Center (2001), available at http://www.jlc.org/resources/publications/promises-kept-promises-broken.
Vivek Sankaran, Using Preventative Legal Advocacy to Keep Children from Entering Foster Care, Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 40, no. 3(2014): 1036-47, available at https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.ecosia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=1946&context=articles.
- Detroit Center for Family Advocacy, Promoting Safe and Stable Families, available at https://artscimedia.case.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/14194055/CFAReport.pdf.
Washington State Center for Court Research, Dependent Children in Washington State: Case Timeliness and Outcomes: 2015 Annual Report (2015).
Washington State Office of Civil Legal Aid, Practices Relating to the Appointment of Counsel for Adolescents in Juvenile Court Dependency Proceedings in Washington State (Dec. 1, 2008).
Washington State Office of Public Defense, Costs of Defense and Children’s Representation in Dependency and Termination Cases (Dec. 1999).
Washington State Office of Public Defense, Dependency and Termination Defense Pilot Project: Interim Evaluation (Jan. 2001).
Parents
Cases
Brazell v. Fairfax Cty., No. 1347–06–4, 2008 WL 3287211 (Va. Ct. App. Aug. 12, 2008).
G.C. v. W.J., 917 So.2d 998 (Fla. App. 2005).
In re Adoption of K.L.P., 763 N.E.2d 741 (Ill. 2002).
In re Adoption of Meaghan, 461 Mass. 1006, 961 N.E.2d 110 (2012).
In re C.M., 166 N.H. 764, 103 A.3d 1192 (2014).
Documents from In re C.M.:
In re G.P., 4 N.E.3d 1158 (Ind. 2014).
In re I.B., 933 N.E.2d 1264 (Ind. 2010). The briefs for this case are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
In re J.B.B., No. 09CA3335 (Ohio. App. 2011) (case dismissed as unripe). The briefs for this case are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
In re J.W., 57 P.3d 363, 365 (Cal. 2002) (applying principles of statutory construction to find that Fam. Code section 7895 establishes a right to appellate counsel “for any indigent parent appealing from a judgment freeing a child from parental custody and control.”) (overruling In re Curtis S., 30 Cal. Rptr.2d 739 [Cal. Ct. App. 1994], in which court found that appellate court had no authority to appoint appellate counsel for parent challenging termination in the adoption context; reasoning that the statute provides right to appellate counsel only in situations where the child freed from parental custody was a dependent child of juvenile court; finding no equal protection violation because parents not similarly situated.).
In re L.I., 149 Haw. 118, 482 P.3d 1079 (2021).
In re T.M., 319 P.3d 338 (Haw. 2014).
Documents from T.M.:
In the Interest of S.A.J.B v. K.C., 679 N.W.2d 645 (Iowa 2004).
In the Matter of Adoption of K.A.S., 499 N.W.2d 558 (N.D. 1993).
In the Matter of the Adoption of A.W.S. and K.R.S., 339 P.3d 414 (Mont. 2014).
Lassiter v. Dep’t of Social Servs., 452 U.S. 18 (1981).
- Brief for the American Bar Association as Amicus Curiae Supporting Petitioner, Lassiter v. Dept. of Social Servs., 1980 WL 340036 (U.S. 1981).
O.A.H. v. R.L.A., 712 So.2d 4 (Fla. Ct. App. 1998).
Rhine v. Deaton, 250 S.W.3d 486 (Tex. Ct. App. 2008), pet. denied (Tex. 2009), cert denied, 130 S.Ct. 357 (2010). The briefs for this case are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
Valencia v. Texas Dep’t of Family and Protective Servs, 2009 WL 5064769 (Tex. App. 2009) (unpublished).
Zockert v. Fanning, 800 P.2d 773 (Or. 1990).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Amie K. Wilcox, Civil Right To Counsel For Indigent Parents In Contested Adoptions: An Argument For Due Process And Equal Protection When Parental Rights Are Terminated In Private Civil Actions, 56-SUM Ark. Law. 22 (2021).
Arjun Rangarajan, Civil Gideon, Removal Proceedings, and Parental Rights Termination: A Curious Intersection, 8 DePaul J. for Soc. Just. 387 (Spring 2015).
Barbara Glesner Fines, Almost Pro-Bono: Judicial Appointments of Attorneys in Juvenile and Child Dependency Actions,72 UMKC L. Rev. 337 (2003).
Breanna Madison, NOTE: Whose child are you? Protecting black children and families predisposed to the harms of the family regulation system, 67 How. L.J. 155 (2023-2024) (proposing “solutions to correct the errors of Lassiter and overall issues with the United States’ handling of child neglect cases in two ways: (1) asserting that there is an implied fundamental right to be parented to heighten the level of scrutiny in parental rights cases and (2) recognizing children as a suspect classification to address the invidious discrimination that occurs in child neglect procedures.”).
Cynthia Godsoe, All in the Family: Towards a New Representational Model for Parents and Children, 24 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 303 (Spring 2011).
D. Mooney, Comment: The Indigent Parent’s Right to Appointed Counsel in Actions to Terminate Parental Rights, 43 U. Cin. L. Rev. 635 (1974).
Douglas J. Besharov, Terminating Parental Rights: The Indigent Parent’s Right to Counsel after Lassiter v. North Carolina, 15 Fam. L.Q. 205 (1981-1982).
Elizabeth Mills Viney, The Right to Counsel in Parental Rights Termination Cases: How a Clear and Consistent Legal Standard Would Better Protect Indigent Families, 63 SMU L. Rev. 1403 (2010).
Elizabeth Thornton and Betsy Gwin, High-Quality Legal Representation for Parents in Child Welfare Cases Results in Improved Outcomes for Families and Potential Cost Savings, Family Law Quarterly, Vol. 46 Issue 1, p139-154 (Spring 2012).
Erik J. Foley, No Money, No Lawyer – No Children: The Right to Counsel for Indigent Defendants in Nevada Termination of Parental Rights Proceedings, 16 Nev. L.J. 313 (2016).
Jessica Dixon Weaver, Overstepping Ethical Boundaries? Limitations on State Efforts to Provide Access to Justice in Family Courts, 82 Fordham L. Rev. 2705 (2014).
Judge Leonard Edwards, Engaging Fathers in the Child Protection Process: The Judicial Role, Juv. and Fam. Ct. J. (2009).
Judge Leonard Edwards, Improving Juvenile Dependency Courts, Juv. and Fam. Ct. J. (Nov. 1997).
Judge Leonard Edwards, Representation of Parents and Children in Abuse and Neglect Cases: The Importance of Early Appointment, 63(2) Juvenile and Family Court Journal 21 (Spring 2012).
Julie P. Shelton, Indigents Have No Right To Appointed Counsel In Proceedings To Terminate Parental Rights – Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 31 DePaul L.J. 152 (Fall 1981).
Linda Elrod, Child Custody Practice and Procedure Database, Child Custody Prac. & Proc. § 12:4 (updated Oct. 2009).
Martin Guggenheim and Susan Jacobs, A New National Movement in Parent Representation, 47 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 35 (May-June 2013).
Michele Struffolino, Taking Limited Representation to the Limits: The Efficacy of Using Unbundled Legal Services in Domestic-Relations Matters Involving Litigation, 2 St. Mary’s J. Legal Mal. & Ethics 166 (2012).
Nadine Vasser, The Indigent Parent’s Right to Counsel in Termination of Parental Rights Proceedings, 16 J. Contemp. Legal Issues 329 (2005).
Note: Child Neglect: Due Process for the Parent, 70 Columbia Law Review 465 (1970).
Patricia C. Kussmann, Annotation, Right of Indigent Parent to Appointed Counsel in Proceeding for Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights, 92 A.L.R.5th 379 (2001).
Samantha Zuehlke, Minnesota’s System of Justice by Geography in Child Protection Proceedings: Base Issues in Minnesota’s Parental Representation Scheme and in the Discretionary Appointment of Counsel Under Section 260C.163, 47 Mitchell Hamline L. Rev. (2021).
Vinita Andrapalliyal, The CPS Took My Baby Away: Threats to Immigrant Parental Rights and a Proposed Federal Solution, 7 Harv. L. & Pol’y Rev. 173 (Winter 2013).
Vivek S. Sankaran, Protecting a Parent’s Right to Counsel in Child Welfare Cases, ABA Child Law Practice (2009).
Vivek Sankaran, No Harm, No Foul? Why Harmless Error Analysis Should Not Be Used To Review Wrongful Denials Of Counsel To Parents In Child Welfare Cases, 63 S.C. L. Rev. 13 (Autumn 2011).
William Wesley Patton, Standards of Appellate Review for Denial of Counsel and Ineffective Assistance of Counsel in Child Protection and Parental Severance Cases, 27 Loy. U. Chi. L. J. 195 (1996).
William Wesley Patton, Standards of Appellate Review for Denial of Counsel and Ineffective Assistance of Counsel in Child Protection and Parental Severance Trials, 27 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. 195 (1996).
Model Acts / Resolutions / Treaties
American Bar Ass’n, Standards of Practice for Attorneys Representing Parents in Abuse and Neglect Cases (Aug. 2006).
American Bar Ass’n, Juvenile Justice Standards: Standards Relating to Counsel for Private Parties (1979).
Reports / Studies
American Bar Ass’n, Ctr. on Children and the Law for The Child Welfare Services Division of The Michigan State Court Administrative Office, Legal Representation for Parents in Child Welfare Proceedings: A Performance-Based Analysis of Michigan Practice (2009).
American Bar Ass’n, Ctr. on Children and the Law, Summary of Parent Representation Models (2009).
Elizabeth Thornton, Court-Based Child Welfare Reforms: Improved Child/Family Outcomes and Potential Cost Savings (Aug. 2012).
Jason A. Oetjen, Improving Parents’ Representation in Dependency Cases: A Washington State Pilot Program Evaluation, Nat’l Council of Juvenile & Family Court Judges (2003).
Justice Bobbe J. Bridge and Joanne I. Moore, J.D., Implementing Equal Justice for Parents in Washington: A Dual Approach, Juvenile Family Court Journal (July 14, 2009).
Lucas A. Gerber et al., Effects of an interdisciplinary approach to parental representation in child welfare, 102 Children and Youth Servs. Rev. 45 (July 2019) [New York City].
Mark Courtney et al., Evaluating the Impact of Enhanced Parental Legal Representation on the Timing of Permanency Outcomes for Children in Foster Care, 1 Partners for Our Children Discussion Paper 1, Feb. 2011 [Washington].
Note, Representation in Child-Neglect Cases: Are Parents Neglected?, 4 Colum. J. Law & Soc. Problems 230 (1968).
Partners for Our Children, Washington’s Parents Representation Program Helping Children in Child Welfare System Reach Permanency, 1 Issue Brief 1 (Feb. 2011).
Robyn M. Powell et al., Mental Health Legal Advisors Committee: Family Law Project Evaluation Final Report, Nat’l Research Ctr. for Parents with Disabilities at Brandeis Univ., Jan. 2020.
Steve M. Wood and Jesse R. Russell, Effects of Parental and Attorney Involvement on Reunification in Juvenile Dependency Cases, 33 Children and Youth Servs. Rev. 1730 (Sept. 2011) (examining “how involvement of mothers, fathers, and their respective legal representatives at early decision-making hearings [i.e., preliminary protective, adjudication, disposition, and first review] influences reunification in juvenile dependency cases.”).
Steve M. Wood, Alicia Summers, and Crystal Soderman Duarte, Legal Representation in the Juvenile Dependency System: Travis County, Texas’ Parent Representation Pilot Project, 54 Fam. Ct. Rev. 277 (Apr. 2016).
Supreme Court Of Texas, Permanent Judicial Commission For Children, Youth & Families, Assessment of Appointed Representation in Texas Child-Protection Proceedings (Jan. 2011).
University of Michigan Law School, Detroit Center for Family Advocacy Pilot Evaluation Report 7/2009-6/2012 (Feb. 2013).
Vermont Parent Representation Ctr., Broken System Broken Promises – Vermont Child Abuse Determination and the Child Protection Registry – A Multi-Year Analysis & Recommendations for Reform (Oct. 12, 2022).
Vivek Sankaran and John Pollock, A National Survey on a Parent’s Right to Counsel in Termination of Parental Rights and Dependency Cases (2016).
Vivek Sankaran, Using Preventive Legal Advocacy to Keep Children from Entering Foster Care, Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 40, no. 3 (2014).
Washington State Ctr. for Court Research, 2021 Evaluation of the Washington State Dependent Child Legal Representation Program (2021).
Washington State Office of Public Defense, Dependency and Termination Defense Pilot Project: Interim Evaluation (Jan. 2001).
Washington State Office of Public Defense, Reunification and Case Resolution Improvements in Office of Public Defense (OPD) Parents Representation Program Counties (Feb. 2010).
Women’s Law Ctr. of Maryland, Inc., Families in Transition: A Follow-up Study Exploring Family Law Issues in Maryland (Dec. 2006).
Pilots
National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, Research Report: Assessing a Parent Representation Program in Texas (June 2013) (assessing the effects of Travis County’s early representation pilot parent project on juvenile dependency outcomes).
National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, Research Report: Exploring Outcomes Related to Legal Representation for Parents Involved in Mississippi’s Juvenile Dependency System (Oct. 2014).
Custody and Divorce
Cases
Flores v. Flores, 598 P.2d 893 (Alaska 1979).
Foster v. Foster, 84 Conn. App. 311, 853 A.2d 588 (Conn. App. Ct. 2004).
Frase v. Barnhart, 840 A.2d 114 (Md. 2003).
Briefs of Frase v. Barnhart parties and amici:
Gordanier v. Jonsson (Office of Public Advocacy v. Alaska Court System), No. 3AN-06-8887-CI (Alaska Super. Ct. 2007). The documents from the lower court proceeding are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
Docs from OPS v. ACS (appeal of Gordanier to the Alaska Supreme Court):
Guffey v. Guffey, No. 2009-CA-000932-MR (Ky. Ct. App. 2010).
In re KJP (Parrish v. Ronnfeldt-Mendoza), 727 N.W.2d 374 (Wis. App. 2006) (unpublished). The briefs for this case are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
In re KLJ, 813 P.2d 276 (Alaska 1991).
Kelly v. Warpinski, No. 04-2999-OA (Wis. 2004) (petition denied). The briefs for this case are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
King v. King, 174 P.3d 659 (Wash. 2007). The briefs for this case are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
Touzeau v. Deffinbaugh, 907 A.2d 807 (Md. 2006): The briefs for this case are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
Weiss v. Weiss, 620 N.W.2d 744 (Neb. 2001).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
A. McAninch, A Constitutional Right to Counsel for Divorce Litigants, 14 J. of Family L. 509 (1975-76).
Amy C. Henderson, Meaningful Access to the Courts?: Assessing Self-Represented Litigants’ Ability to Obtain a Fair, Inexpensive Divorce in Missouri’s Court System, 72 UMKC L. Rev. 571 (2003).
David Peterson, Judicial Discretion is Insufficient: Minors’ Due Process Right to Participate with Counsel when Divorce Custody Disputes Involve Allegations of Child Abuse, 25 Golden Gate U. L. Rev. 513 (1995).
Debra Gardner, The Overdue Right to Counsel in Civil Cases: Focus on Custody, ABA Sec. of Litig. Committee on Fam. L., Family Law Annual Review (2009).
Joel E. Smith, Appointment of Counsel for Indigent Husband or Wife in Action for Divorce or Separation, 85 A.L.R.3d 983 (1978).
Nancy Ver Steegh, Yes, No, and Maybe: Informed Decision Making About Divorce Mediation in the Presence of Domestic Violence, 9 Wm. & Mary J. Women & L. 145 (2003).
Susan M. Finegan and Laura W. Gal, Using Appellate Advocacy to Expand a Civil Right to Counsel in Child Custody Cases, 39 W. New Eng. L. Rev. 309 (2017).
Reports / Studies
Eleanor E. Maccoby and Robert J. Mnookin, Dividing the Child: Social and Legal Dilemmas of Custody, Harvard Univ. Press (1992).
Ellen Degnan, Thomas Ferriss, D. James Greiner, and Roseanna Sommers, Trapped in Marriage (2018).
Gloria Danzinger, Model Child Custody Representation Project Evaluation Report, Center for Families, Children and the Courts, Univ. of Baltimore Sch. of L. (Sept. 2003).
Jane W. Ellis, Plans, Protections, And Professional Intervention: Innovations In Divorce Custody Reform And The Role Of Legal Professionals, 24 U. Mich. J.L. Ref. 65 (1990).
Mary A. Kernic, Impact of Legal Representation on Child Custody Decisions among Families with a History of Intimate Partner Violence Study (May 2015), available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248886.pdf.
Roger Mnookin, Eleanor Maccoby, Catherine Albiston & Charlene Depren, Private Ordering Revisited: What Custodial Arrangements are Parents Negotiating?, in Divorce Reform At The Crossroads at 37-74 (Yale University Press 1999) (on file with the NCCRC).
Women’s Law Center of Maryland, Families in Transition: A Follow-up Study Exploring Family Law Issues in Maryland (Dec. 2006).
Judicial Bypass of Parental Consent to Abortion
Cases
In re Application of Jane Doe, 591 So.2d 698 (La. 1991).
In re T.W., 551 So.2d 1186 (Fla. 1989).
Jacksonville Clergy Consultation Serv. v. Martinez, 707 F.Supp. 1301 (M.D. Fla. 1989).
Orr v. Knowles, 215 Neb. 49, 337 N.W.2d 699 (Neb. 1983).
Orr v. Knowles, Nos. CV81–O–301, CV81–L–167, 1983 WL 1570 (D. Neb. Sept. 16, 1983).
Wynn v. Carey, 582 F.2d 1375 (7th Cir. 1978).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Elizabeth Susan Graybill, Assisting Minors Seeking Abortions in Judicial Bypass Proceedings: A Guardian ad Litem Is No Substitute for an Attorney, 55 Vand. L. Rev. 581 (2002).
Helena Silverstein and Leanne Speitel, “Honey, I Have No Idea”: Court Readiness to Handle Petitions to Waive Parental Consent for Abortion, 88 Iowa L. Rev. 75 (2002).
National Partnership for Women & Families, Bypassing Justice: Pregnant Minors and Parental Involvement Laws (2010).
Reports / Studies
NARAL Pro-Choice America Foundation, Who Decides? The Status of Women’s Reproductive Rights in the United States (Jan. 2010).
Parentage
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Barbara Hartung, The Right to Appointed Counsel in Paternity Actions, 19 Journal of Family Law 497 (1980-1981).
Kristine Cordier Karnezis, Right of Indigent Defendant in Paternity Suit To Have Assistance of Counsel at State Expense, 4 A.L.R.4th 363 (1981).
Laura Hunter Dietz, Illegitimate Children, 41 Am. Jur. 2d Illegitimate Children § 52 (2010).
Mark Esterle, Gideon’s Trumpet Revisited: Providing Rights of Indigent Defendants in Paternity Actions, 24 J. Fam. L. 1 (1985) (on file with the NCCRC).
Meg Buice, A Father’s Right to Counsel in Georgia Juvenile Court Legitimation Proceedings: Closing the Due Process Loophole, 29 Ga. St. U. L. Rev. 865 (Spring 2013).
Paula Roberts and John Ott, The Right to Counsel in Paternity Proceedings, Clearinghouse Review 18 (1985).
Guardianship of Children
Cases
In re Guardianship of V.V., No. SJC-11739 (Mass. 2015).
Model Acts / Resolutions / Treaties
Uniform Law Commission, Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements (UGCOPA) Act (2017).
Federal Law
Cases
28 U.S.C. § 1915 (In forma pauperis proceedings):
- Agyeman v. Corrections Corp. of Am., 390 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2004).
- Brief of the ACLU as Amicus Curiae Supporting Appellants, Russell v. Dept of Ed., 377 Fed.Appx. 595 (9th Cir. 2010).
- Cleary v. Mukasey, 307 Fed.Appx. 963 (6th Cir. 2009).
- Edmonds v. DuPont deNemours & Co., 315 F.Supp. 523 (D. Kan.1970).
- Fields v. Wilbur, 360 Fed.Appx. 843 (9th Cir. 2009), cert denied, 131 S.Ct. 141 (2010). The briefs for this case are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
- Mallard v. U.S. Dist. Court for the S. Dist. of Iowa, 490 U.S. 296 (1989).
- Nelson v. Redfield Lithograph Printing, 728 F.2d 1003 (8th Cir. 1984).
- Pinson v. Will Cty. State’s Office, slip op, 2009 WL 1940786 (N.D. Ill. 2009).
- Pruitt v. Mote, 503 F.3d 647 (7th Cir. 2007).
- Rayes v. Johnson, 969 F.2d 700 (8th Cir. 1992).
- Santiago v. Walls, 2010 WL 1170654 (7th Cir. 2010).
- Terrell v. Brewer, 935 F.2d 1015 (9th Cir. 1991).
- Wallace v. Spin Spa, 2007 WL 3026681 (D. N.J. 2007).
- Wilson v. Johnson, 535 F.3d 262 (4th Cir. 2008), cert denied, 131 S.Ct. 71 (2010). The briefs for this case are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
42 U.S.C.A. § 2000e-5 (Title VII) (“Upon application by the complainant and in such circumstances as the court may deem just, the court may appoint an attorney for such complainant and may authorize the commencement of the action without the payment of fees, costs, or security.”).
- Hosea v. Donley, No. 5:11–cv–02892 EJD, 2012 WL 5373406 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 30, 2012).
- Lee v. AT&T Corp., No. C 09–05614 RS, 2010 WL 2348683 (N.D. Cal. June 8, 2010).
- Poindexter v. FBI, 737 F.2d 1173 (D.C. Cir. 1984).
Bothwell v. Republic Tobacco Co., 912 F.Supp. 1221 (D. Neb. 1995).
U.S. v. Abregana, 574 F.Supp.2d 1123 (D. Haw. 2008) (concerning 18 U.S.C.A. § 4247 [Offenders with Mental Disease or Defect], and “hold[ing] that those facing civil commitment under the Adam Walsh Act are entitled to counsel and the right to counsel continues throughout their confinement”).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
28 U.S.C. § 1915 (In forma pauperis proceedings):
- Richard B. Gallagher, Gary A. Hughes, Tim A. Thomas, & Dag E. Ytreberg, Annotation, Appointment of Counsel for Indigent Plaintiff, 15 Am. Jur. 2d Civil Rights § 131 (updated Sept. 2008).
- Michael B. Mushlin, 3 Rights of Prisoners § 12:24 (3d ed.) (updated Dec. 2009).
- Kimberly A. Owens, Right to Counsel – The Third Circuit Delivers Indigent Civil Litigants from “Exceptional Circumstances, 39 Vill. L. Rev. 1163 (1994).
- U.S. District Court, Southern District of California, General Order No. 596: Plan for the Representation of Pro Se Litigants in Civil Cases (2011).
- James J. Vinch, Mallard v. United States District Court: Section 1915(d) and the Appointment of Counsel in Civil Cases, 51 Ohio St. L.J. 1001 (1990).
42 U.S.C.A. § 2000e-5 (Title VII):
- Kenneth W. Biedzynski et al, 45C Am. Jur. 2d Job Discrimination § 2218 (database updated Feb. 2010).
- Janet Boeth Jones, Right of Complainant, Under 42 U.S.C.A. § 2000e-5(f)(1), to Appointment of Attorney in Employment Discrimination Action, 75 A.L.R. Fed. 369 (1985).
- 3 Emp. Discrim. Coord. Analysis of Federal Law § 125:1 (database updated May 2009).
- Susan M. Omilian & Jean P. Kamp, 1 Sex-Based Employment Discrimination § 12:5 (database updated Sept. 2009).
- American Jurisprudence, Second Edition, Factors Affecting Whether Counsel Will Be Appointed under Title VII or the Americans with Disabilities Act, 19 Am. Jur. 2d Job Discrimination § 2181 (2015).
50 App. U.S.C.A. § 521 (Protection of servicemembers against default judgments):
- Matthew Besmer, Appointment Practice Under the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act: The Duties of Court-Appointed Counsel, 43 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 208 (2009).
- Christine Zellar Church, The Servicemembers Civil Relief Act: Protecting Victims of Domestic Violence in Protection Order Cases Involving the Military, 12 T.M. Cooley J. Prac. & Clinical L. 335 (2010).
John Rearden, Jr., Appointed Attorneys for Indigent Civil Litigants in Federal Court: The Illinois Experience, 94 Ill. B.J. 369 (2006) [available to ISBA Members here].
Forfeiture
Cases
State v. $1,010.00, 722 N.W.2d 92 (S.D. 2006).
U.S. v. $292,888.04 of Currency, 54 F.3d 564 (9th Cir. 1995).
U.S. v. 1604 Oceola, 803 F.Supp. 1194 (D. Tex. 1992).
U.S. v. 7108 W. Grand Avenue, 15 F.3d 632 (7th Cir. 1994).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Jay A. Rosenberg, Constitutional Rights and Civil Forfeiture Actions, 88 Colum. L. Rev. 390 (1988).
Louis S. Rulli, Access to Justice and Civil Forfeiture Reform: Providing Lawyers for the Poor and Recapturing Forfeited Assets for Impoverished Communities, 17 Yale L. & Pol’y Rev. 507 (1998).
Louis S. Rulli, On the Road to Civil Gideon: Five Lessons From the Enactment of a Right to Counsel for Indigent Homeowners in Federal Civil Forfeiture Proceedings, 19 J.L. & Pol’y 683 (2011).
Rebecca Vallas, Tracey Ross, Todd Cox, Jamal Hagler, and Bill Corriher, Forfeiting the American Dream: How Civil Asset Forfeiture Exacerbates Hardship for Low-income Communities and Communities of Color, Center for American Progress (April 2016).
William J. Genego, Forfeiture, Legitimation and a Due Process Right to Counsel, 59 Brook. L. Rev. 337 (1993).
Reports / Studies
Michigan Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Civil Rights and Civil Asset Forfeiture in Michigan (Oct. 2016).
Tennessee Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, The Civil Rights Implications of Tennessee’s Civil Forfeiture Laws (Feb. 2018).
Health-related
Generally
Yael Cannon, Closing the Health Justice Gap: Access to Justice in Furtherance of Health Equity, 53 Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 517 (2021),
Yael Cannon, Unmet Legal Needs as Health Injustice, 56 Univ. of Richmond L. Rev 801 (2022).
ADA
Cases
DiNapoli v. City of New York, No. 05 Civ. 10879, 2008 WL 2695094 (S.D.N.Y. June 30, 2008) (unpublished) (on file with the NCCRC).
Graves v. Adult and Family Servs., 708 P.2d 1180 (Or. Ct. App. 1985).
Pacheco v. Bedford, 787 A.2d 1210 (R.I. 2002).
Sidiakina v. Bertoli, No. 12-17235 (9th Cir. 2014).
Docs from Sidiakina v. Bertoli:
Weems v. State Bd. of Industrial Appeals, NO. 44713-4-II (Wash. App. 2014).
Docs from Weems v. State Bd. of Industrial Appeals:
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
American Jurisprudence, Second Edition, Factors Affecting Whether Counsel Will Be Appointed under Title VII or the Americans with Disabilities Act, 19 Am. Jur. 2d Job Discrimination § 2181 (2015).
Lisa Brodoff, et al., The ADA: One Avenue to Appointed Counsel Before a Full Civil Gideon, 2 Seattle J. for Soc. Just. 609 (2004).
National Lawyers Guild, Workers with Disabilities: The ADA and Other Laws: Procedural Matters: Right to Counsel, 2 Employee and Union Member Guide to Labor Law § 7:120 (updated Nov. 2009).
Touro Law Review, Special Populations: Mobilization for Change, 25 Touro L. Rev. 467 (2009) (transcript of break-out discussion that took place at Touro Law Center event) (2009).
Reports / Studies
Rebecca Vallas, Disabled Behind Bars: The Mass Incarceration of People With Disabilities in America’s Jails and Prisons, Center for American Progress (July 2016).
Washington State Access to Justice Board Justice Without Barriers Committee, Ensuring Equal Access for People with Disabilities (May 2011).
William Popkin, The Effect of Representation in Nonadversary Proceedings – A Study of Three Disability Programs, 62 Cornell L. Rev. 989 (1977).
Civil Commitment
Cases
Loertscher v. Van Hollen, No. 3:14-cv-00870 (W.D. Wis. 2014).
Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480 (1980).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
H. H. Henry, Right to Counsel in Insanity or Incompetency Adjudication Proceedings, 87 A.L.R.2d 950 (originally published in 1963).
Mark Noferi, Making Civil Immigration Detention “Civil,” and Examining the Emerging U.S. Civil Detention Paradigm, 27 J. Civ. rts. & Econ. Dev. 533 (Winter 2014).
Michael Perlin, “I Might Need a Good Lawyer, Could be Your Funeral, My Trial”: Global Clinical Legal Education and the Right to Counsel in Civil Commitment Cases, 28 J. of Law & Policy 241 (2008).
Susan Stefan, Right to Counsel in Civil Commitment Proceedings, 9 Mental and Phys. Disability L. Reporter 230 (May-June 1985).
Adult Guardianship
Cases
Dep’t of Institutions v. Carothers, 821 P.2d 891 (Colo. Ct. App. 1991).
In re Yates, No. 84AP-902, 1985 WL 10142 (Ohio Ct. App. Sept. 3, 1985) (unpublished) (guardianship for adults).
State of Ohio v. McQueen, 986 N.E.2d 925 (Ohio 2013).
Docs from State of Ohio v. McQueen:
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Anne K. Pecora, The Constitutional Right to Court-Appointed Adversary Counsel for Defendants in Guardianship Proceedings, 43 Ark. L. Rev. 345 (1990) (on file with the NCCRC).
Eleanor Grossman, Judicial Appointment of Guardian: Procedure, 39 Am. Jur. 2d Guardian and Ward § 63 (database updated February 2010).
Elizabeth Calhoun & Susanna Basinger, Right to Counsel in Guardianship Proceedings, 33 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 316 (Sept.-Oct. 1999).
Jenica Cassidy, Restoration of Rights in the Termination of Adult Guardianship, 23 Elder L. J. 83 (2015).
John Pollock and Megan Rusciano, Right to Counsel in Restoration of Rights Cases, Voice of Experience (Oct 2020).
Nina A. Kohn & Catheryn Koss, Lawyers for Legal Ghosts: The Legality and Ethics of Representing Persons Subject to Guardianship, 91 Wash. L. Rev. 581 (2016).
Patricia M. Cavey, Realizing the Right to Counsel in Guardianship: Dispelling Guardianship Myths, Marquette Elder’s Advisor: Vol. 2: Iss. 1, Article 5 (2000).
Victor Gottlich, The Role of the Attorney for the Defendant in Adult Guardianship Cases: An Advocate’s Perspective, 7 Md. J. Contemp. L. Issues 191 (1995 / 1996).
WINGS and ABA Commission on Law and Aging, WINGS Action Tools: Right to and Role of Counsel (2017).
Model Acts / Resolutions / Treaties
Oregon Legislature, Model Public Guardianship Act (2012)
Uniform Law Commission, Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements (UGCOPA) Act (2017).
Reports / Studies
Conference of State Court Administrators, The Demographic Imperative: Guardianships and Conservatorships (Dec. 2010).
Disability Rights Maine, Overprotected and Unrepresented: An Analysis of Adult Guardianship in Maine (Oct. 2024).
Indiana Adult Guardianship State Task Force, Who’s Overseeing the Overseers? A Report on the State of Adult Guardianship in Indiana (Feb. 2012).
Jenny Hatch Project, Guardianship Laws By State: The Right to an Attorney in Guardianship Proceedings.
Nevada Supreme Court’s Commission to Study the Administration of Guardianships in Nevada’s Courts, Final Report (Sept. 2016).
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, Elder Law Task Force Committee, Report: Guardians and Counsel Committee Findings and Recommendations (Nov. 2014).
Physical Health
Cases
Shiavo v. Shiavo, 357 F.Supp.2d 1378 (M.D. Fla. 2005).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Kia Franklin, Advocacy in Health Proceedings in New York, 25 Touro L. Rev. 437 (2009).
Reports / Studies
Center for Public Health Research, Legal Levers for Health Equity in Housing: Report Series (2019-2020) (“explores the role of law in housing equity and exploring innovative uses of law to improve health equity through housing”).
Jack Tsai, et al., Medical-Legal Partnerships At Veterans Affairs Medical Centers Improved Housing And Psychosocial Outcomes For Vets, Health Affairs 36, NO. 12 (2017), available for a fee.
Jeffrey Martin et al., Embedding Civil Legal Aid Services In Care For High-Utilizing Patients Using Medical-Legal Partnership, Health Affairs Blog (Aug. 22, 2015).
Jimmy Boyle and Ada Chiu, Financial Impact Study of LegalHealth Services to New York City Hospitals, Legal Health (Nov. 2007).
Mary M. O’Sullivan et al, Environmental Improvements Brought by the Legal Interventions in the Homes of Poorly Controlled Inner-city Adult Asthmatic Patients: A Proof-of-Concept Study, 49(9) J. of Asthma 911 (2012).
Housing
Generally
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Andrew Scherer, The Price of Equal Justice: How Establishing a Right to Counsel for People Who Face Losing Their Homes Helps Tackle Economic Inequality, Impact Center for Public Interest Law, New York Law School, Vol 1 at 29 (2015).
Andrew Scherer, Why People Who Face Losing Their Homes in Legal Proceedings Must Have a Right to Counsel, 3 Cardozo Pub. L. Pol’y & Ethics J. 699 (2006).
Chester Hartman, The Case for a Right to Housing, 9 Housing Policy Debate 223 (1998).
Frank Michelman, The Advent of a Right to Housing: A Current Appraisal, 5 Harvard C.R-C.L. L. Rev. 207 (1970).
Jeanette Zelhof, Andrew Goldberg, and Hina Shamsi, Protecting the Rights of Litigants with Diminished Capacity in the New York City Housing Courts, 3 Cardozo Pub. L. Pol’y & Ethics J. 733 (Jan. 2006).
Paula A. Franzese, Cecil J. Thomas, Disrupting Possession: How the Right to Counsel in Landlord-Tenant Proceedings is Reshaping Outcomes, 52 Seton Hall. L.R. 1255 (2024), available at https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1845&context=shlr.
Risa E. Kaufman, Martha F. Davis, and Heidi M. Wegleitner, The Interdependence of Rights: Promoting the Human Right to Housing by Promoting the Right to Counsel, 45 Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 772 (Spring 2014).
Shera C. Grant, Civil Gideon: A Judge’s Perspective on the Right to Counsel in Eviction Cases, 20 Stan. J. C.R. & C.L. 101 (2024), available at https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Civil-Gideon.pdf.
Reports / Studies
Dennis Culhane, et al., Public Service Reductions Association with Placement of Homeless Person with Severe Mental Illness in Supportive Housing, 13 Housing Policy Debate 107 (2002).
National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, An Ounce of Prevention: Programs to Prevent Homelessness in 25 States (Feb. 2009).
National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, Human Right to Housing Report Card (2016).
National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, Simply Unacceptable: Homelessness and the Human Right to Housing in the United States (2011).
Model Acts / Resolutions / Treaties
National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel, Testimony of National Coalition for the Civil Right to Counsel (NCCRC) to Raquel Rolnik, UN Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing, Official U.S. Mission: Input on Security of Tenure (April 2013).
National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel, Testimony of National Coalition for the Civil Right to Counsel (NCCRC) to Raquel Rolnik, UN Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing, Official U.S. Mission: Response to Draft Guidelines (October 2013).
National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel, Testimony of National Coalition for the Civil Right to Counsel (NCCRC) to Raquel Rolnik, UN Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing, Official U.S. Mission (October 22nd – November 8th, 2009).
Evictions
Cases
170 W. 85th St. Tenant’s Ass’n v. Cruz, 173 A.D.2d 338 (N.Y. App. Div., 1991).
444 W. 54th St. Tenant’s Ass’ns v. Costello, 138 Misc.2d 5, 523 N.Y.S.2d 374 (N.Y. Civ. Ct. 1989).
Blatch v. Hernandez, 360 F.Supp.2d 595 (D. N.Y. 2005).
Donaldson v. State, 156 A.D.2d 290 (N.Y. App. Div. 1989).
Hotel Martha Washington Mgmt. Co. v. Swinick, 66 Misc.2d 833, 322 N.Y.S.2d 139 (N.Y. App. Term. 1971).
Hous. Auth. Of King County v. Saylors, 557 P.2d 321 (Wash. 1977).
New York City Hous. Auth. v. Johnson, 148 Misc.2d 385, 565 N.Y.S.2d 362 (N.Y. App. Div. 1990).
Williams v. White Plains Hous. Auth., 62 Misc.2d 613, 309 N.Y.S.2d 454 (N.Y. Sup. Ct., 1970).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
AJ Golio et al., Eviction Court Outcomes and Access to Procedural Knowledge: Evidence from a Tenant-Focused Intervention in New Orleans, Hous. Pol’y Debate (Aug. 31, 2022) (on file at the NCCRC).
Andrew Scherer, Gideon’s Shelter: The Need to Recognize a Right to Counsel for Indigent Defendants in Eviction Proceedings, 23 Harvard C.R-C.L. L. Rev. 557 (1988).
Andrew Scherer, Stop the Violence: A Taxonomy of Measures to Abolish Evictions, 51 Fordham Urban L. J. 1329 (2024).
Andrew Scherer, Why a Right: The Right to Counsel and the Ecology of Housing Justice, IMPACT (2016).
Barbara Bezdek, Silence in the Court: Participation and Subordination of Poor Tenants’ Voices in Legal Process, 20 Hofstra L. Rev. 533 (1992).
Cassie Chambers Armstrong, Gideon is in the House: Lessons from the Home-Renters’ Right-to-Counsel Movement, 59 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 201 (2024).
Chester Hartman & David Robinson, Evictions: The Hidden Housing Problem, 14 Housing Pol’y Debate 461 (2003).
David D. Troutt, Symposium: Cities, Fair Housing, and Gentrification: A Proposal in Progressive Federalism, 40 Cardozo L. Rev. 1177 (Feb. 2019).
Emily A. Benfer, Housing is Health: Prioritizing Health Justice and Equity in the U.S. Eviction System, Yale J. of Health Pol’y, L. and Ethics, 49-133, 22:2 (2024) (“appl[ying] the World Health Organization Conceptual Social Determinants of Health model and the Health Justice Framework to the United States eviction system to demonstrate how it operates a structural determinant of health inequity that severely harms historically marginalized groups.”).
Erica Braudy and Kim Hawkins, Power and Possibility in the Era of Right to Counsel, Robust Rent Laws & COVID-19, 28 GEOJPLP 117 (2021).
Ericka Petersen, Building a House for Gideon: The Right to Counsel in Evictions, 16 Stan. J. C.R. & C.L. 63 (2020).
Frances Werner, Toward a Right to Counsel for Indigent Tenants in Eviction Proceedings, 17 Hous. L. Bulletin (1987).
Isaiah Fleming-Klink, Brian J. McCabe, and Eva Rosen, Navigating an Overburdened Courtroom – How Inconsistent Rules, Shadow Procedures, and Social Capital Disadvantage Tenants in Eviction Court, City & Community 00(0) 1 –26 (2023).
Jeanette Zelhof, Andrew Goldberg, and Hina Shamsi, Protecting the Rights of Litigants with Diminished Capacity in the New York City Housing Courts, 3 Cardozo Pub. L. Pol’y & Ethics J. 733 (Jan. 2006).
Jennifer S. Prusak, Expanding the Right to Counsel in Eviction Cases: Arguments for and Limitations of “Civil Gideon” Laws in a Post-COVID 19 Worldand Limitations of “Civil Gideon” Laws in a Post-COVID 19 World, St. John’s Univ. J. Civ. Rights & Econ. Dev., Volume 36, Fall 2022, Issue 2.
John Pollock, Right to Counsel for Tenants Facing Eviction: Justifications, History, and Future, 51 Fordham Urban L. J. 1439 (2024).
John Pollock, Right to Counsel in Civil Cases: Protector (and Source?) of Substantive Due Process Rights, 76 SMU L. Rev. 449 (2023).
John Whitlow, Gentrification and Countermovement: The Right to Counsel and New York City’s Affordable Housing Crisis, 46 Fordham Urb. L.J. 1081 (2019).
Karen Tokarz et al., Addressing the Eviction Crisis and Housing Instability Through Mediation, 63 Wash. U. J. L. and Pol’y 243 (2020).
Karen Wabeke, Natalie Wagner, Philippe Knab, John Pollock, and Maria Roumiantseva, Implementing a Statewide Right to Counsel for Tenants: Learning from Washington, Maryland, and Connecticut, 36 MIE Journal 27 (2022).
Karl Monsma and Richard Lempert, The Value of Counsel: 20 Years of Representation Before a Public Housing Eviction Board, 26 Law & Soc’y Rev. 627 (1992).
Kathryn Sabbeth, Housing Defense as the New Gideon, 41 Harv. J. L.&G. 55 (2018) (2018).
Ken Karas, Recognizing a Right to Counsel for Indigent Tenants in Eviction Proceeding in New York, 24 Colum. J.L. & Soc. Probs. 527 (1991).
Lauren Sudeall and Daniel Pasciuti, Praxis and Paradox: Inside the Black Box of Eviction Court, 74 Vand. L. Rev. 1365, 1406 (2021).
Lawrence McDonough, Minnesota Tenants Gain More Rights in Foreclosure Through Legislative Task Force Collaboration, 42 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 596 (2009).
Maria Roumiantseva, A Nationwide Movement: The Right to Counsel for Tenants Facing Eviction Proceedings, Seton Hall Law Review: Vol. 52 : Iss. 5 , Article 3 (2022).
Mary Spector, Tenant Stories: Obstacles and Challenges Facing Tenants Today, 40 J. Marshall L. Rev. 407 (2007).
Matthew Desmond, Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City, Penguin Random House (2016).
Paula Franzese, A Place To Call Home: Tenant Blacklisting and the Denial of Opportunity, 45 Fordham Urb. L.J. 661 (2018).
Rachel Kleinman, Housing Gideon: The Right to Counsel in Eviction Cases, 31 Fordham Urb. L. J.1507 (2004).
Raymond Brescia, Sheltering Counsel: Toward a Right to a Lawyer in Eviction Proceedings, 25 Touro L. Rev. 187 (2009).
Robin M. White, Increasing Substantive Fairness and Mitigating Social Costs in Eviction Proceedings: Instituting a Civil Right to Counsel for Indigent Tenants in Pennsylvania, 125 Dick. L. Rev. 795 (2021).
Stout, Right to Counsel in Eviction Matters is Gaining Ground (Oct. 14, 2019).
Stout, Right to Counsel: The Nationwide Movement to Fight the Eviction Crisis (Oct. 14, 2019).
Vamsi A. Damerla, The Right to Counsel in Eviction Proceedings: A Fundamental Rights Approach, Col. H.R.L.R. 355 (2022).
Reports / Studies
Aimee Inglis and Dean Preston, Tenants Together, California Evictions are Fast and Frequent (May 2018).
Alex Guterbock and Stephen Metraux, Evictions and Legal Representation in Delaware – An Overview, Univ. of Del. Ctr. for Cmty. Research & Serv. (Apr. 2020).
Alex Werth, East Bay All. for a Sustainable Econ., Unrepresented: A Report on Eviction Court Watch in Contra Costa County (Dec. 2022). [California]
Aubrey Hasvold and Jack Regenbogen, Colo. Coal. for the Homeless and Colo. Ctr. on Law and Policy, Facing Eviction Alone: A Study of Evictions in Denver Colorado 2014-2016 (2017).
Blue Ribbon Citizens’ Comm. on Slum Hous., The Slum Housing Problem in Los Angeles and the Department of Building and Safety (1997).
Boston Bar Ass’n Task Force on Expanding the Civil Right to Counsel, Gideon’s New Trumpet: Expanding the Civil Right to Counsel in Massachusetts (2008).
Boston Bar Ass’n Task Force on Expanding the Civil Right to Counsel, The Importance of Representation in Eviction Cases and Homelessness Prevention (March 2012).
Boston Bar Ass’n, Investing in Justice: A Roadmap to Cost-Effective Funding of Civil Legal Aid in Massachusetts (Oct. 2014).
Boulder Cty. Democratic Socialists of America, Hous. Justice Working Group, Eviction in Boulder Colorado: A Critical Imbalance of Power (Jan. 2020).
Brancen Gregory, Open Justice Okla., Legal Representation and Eviction Outcomes in Tulsa County (last visited Aug. 4, 2023).
Cal. Supreme Court Work Group on Homelessness, Final Report to the Judicial Council, Item No. 21-147 (Oct. 22, 2021). [California]
California Sargent Shriver Pilots
-
Codification of pilots: Cal. Gov. Code § 68651 (previously AB 590).
-
Fact sheet about the pilots
-
Brian Brophy, Civil Right to Counsel Through the States Using California’s Efficiency Project As A Model Towards a Civil Gideon, 8 Hastings Race & Poverty L. J. 39 (Winter 2011).
-
Judicial Council of California, Report to the Judicial Council: Sargent Shriver Civil Counsel Act: Selection of Pilot Projects (April 29, 2011). See also San Francisco Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC), Judicial Council Meeting Minutes (Apr. 29, 2011) (approving the selections in the Report).
-
Sarah Conn Martin, Appointed Counsel in Civil Cases: How California’s Pilot Project Compares to Access to Counsel In Other Developed Countries, 37 J. Legal Prof. 281 (Spring 2013).
-
Recent Legislation, Access To Justice — Civil Right To Counsel — California Establishes Pilot Programs To Expand Access To Counsel For Low-Income Parties, 123 Harvard L.R. 1532 (2010).
-
Clare Pastore, California’s Sargent Shriver Civil Counsel Act Tests Impact of More Assistance for Low-Income Litigants, 47 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 97 (July-Aug. 2013).
Candace Ladd, State of Evictions, Heartland Ctr. for Jobs and Freedom (2023) [Kansas].
Carroll Seron et al., The Impact of Legal Counsel on Outcomes for Poor Tenants in New York City’s Housing Court: Results of a Randomized Experiment, 35 L. & Soc’y Rev. 419 (2001).
Chadha, L.P., Lawyers’ Comm. for Better Hous., Time to Move: The Denial of Tenants’ Rights in Chicago’s Eviction Court (1996).
Chester Hartman and David Robinson, Eviction: The Hidden Housing Problem, 14, 4 Hous. Pol’y Debate 461 (2003).
Chicago-Kent Coll. Class of 2004 Honors Scholar, No Time for Justice: A Study of Chicago’s Eviction Court, Lawyers’ Committee for Better Housing (Dec. 2003).
Child Poverty Action Lab, Dallas Court Observation Project: Summer 2022 Findings.
City Life / Vida Urbana, Evictions in Boston: The Disproportionate Effects of Forced Moves on Communities of Color (2020).
City of Boston Mayor Martin J. Walsh, Eviction Prevention Taskforce, An Action Plan to Reduce Evictions in Boston (Dec. 2019).
City of Boulder, 2021 Eviction Prevention and Rental Assistance Services Annual Report.
City of Boulder, Hous. and Human Servs., 2022 Eviction Prevention and Rental Assistance Services Annual Report.
City of Philadelphia, Right to Counsel Annual Report: FY2022.
Clare Pastore, Gideon is My Co-Pilot: The Promise of Civil Right to Counsel Pilot Programs, 17 U.D.C. L.R. 75 (Spring 2014).
Cmty. Found. of Greater Chattanooga, Eviction Prevention Initiative: City of Chattanooga American Rescue Plan Grant (Oct. 2021-Sept. 2023).
Cmty. Training and Res. Ctr. and City-Wide Task Force on Hous. Court, Inc., Housing Court, Evictions, and Homelessness: The Costs and Benefits of Establishing a Right to Counsel (June 1993) [New York City].
Colo. Health Inst., Home Equity: A Vision of Housing Security, Health, and Opportunity (Aug. 2019).
Columbus, Ohio Tenant Advcocacy Project (TAP)
- Jyoshu Tsushima, Legal Aid Society of Columbus, Interim Report of the Tenant Advocacy Project During the COVID-19 Pandemic (Apr. 27, 2021) (on file with the NCCRC).
- Thoughtwell, Legal Aid Society of Columbus: Tenant Advocacy Project Evaluation (2018).
Ctr. for Pub. Health Research, Legal Levers for Health Equity in Housing: Report Series (2019-2020).
Ctr. for Social Innovation, Supporting Partnerships for Anti-Racist Communities: Phase One Findings (Mar. 2018). [San Francisco, CA]
D. James Greiner et al., How Effective Are Limited Legal Assistance Programs? A Randomized Experiment in a Massachusetts Housing Court (Sept. 1, 2012).
D. James Greiner et al., The Limits of Unbundled Legal Assistance: A Randomized Study in a Massachusetts District Court and Prospects for the Future, 126 Harv. L. Rev. 901 (Feb. 2013).
D.C. Access to Justice Comm’n, Delivering Justice: Addressing Civil Legal Needs in the District of Columbia (2019).
D.C. Bar Pub. Serv. Activities Corp. Landlord Tenant Task Force, Final Report (Aug. 1998) (unpublished) (on file with the NCCRC).
David Eldridge, The Making of a Courtroom: Landlord-Tenant trials in Philadelphia’s Municipal Court, PhD dissertation, Univ. of Penn. Sch. of Soc. Work (2001).
East Bay All. for a Sustainable Econ., Central County Regional Group, and First 5 Contra Costa, The Housing Crisis Hits Home in Concord (2018).
Elaina Johns-Wolfe, “You are being asked to leave the premises”: A Study of Eviction in Cincinnati and Hamilton County, Ohio, 2014-2017 (June 2018).
Ellen Liaw, U.C. Dep’t of Econ., Manuscript: The Impact of Right to Counsel to the Poor: Evidence from New York City Housing Courts (Aug. 6, 2021).
Ellen Yaroshefsky and Marilyn J. Flood, Forward to the Conference Report: The New York City Housing Court in the 21st Century: Can it Better Address the Problems Before It?, 3 Cardozo Pub. L. Pol’y & Ethics J. 591 (2005).
Elliot D. Pollack & Co., Analysis of the Arizona Eviction Process (May 2008) (on file with the NCCRC)
Giselle Routhier, Coalition for the Homeless, Family Homelessness in NYC: City and State Must Meet Unprecedented Scale of Crisis With Proven Solutions (Jan. 2017). [New York City]
Heidi Schultheis and Caitlin Rooney, Ctr. for American Progress, A Right to Counsel is a Right to a Fighting Chance (Oct. 2, 2019).
Ingrid Gould Ellen et al., Do Lawyers Matter? Early Evidence on Eviction Patterns After the Rollout of Universal Access to Counsel in New York City, Hous. Pol’y Debate (2020).
J.S. Mansfield, Judgment Landlord: A Study of Eviction Court in Chicago, Legal Assistance Foundation of Chicago, NLG Chicago, Chicago Council of Lawyers (1978) (book).
James Teufel et al., Del. Combined Campaign for Justice, Social Return on Investment from Legal Aid Services: A Statewide Analysis (March 6, 2018). [Delaware]
Jamila Michener, The Case for a Right to Counsel in Housing Court, Data for Progress (July 2020).
Jane Place Neighborhood Sustainability Initiative, Unequal Burden, Unequal Risk: Households Headed by Black Women Experience Highest Rates of Eviction: Data from Six Months of JPNSI’s Eviction Court Monitoring Project (March 2019). [New Orleans, LA]
Jessica Steinberg, In Pursuit of Justice? Case Outcomes and the Delivery of Unbundled Legal Services, 18 Geo. J. Pov. L. & Pol’y. 453 (2011). [California]
John and Terry Levin Ctr. for Pub. Serv. and Pub. Interest, Stanford Law Sch., San Francisco Right to Civil Counsel Pilot Program Documentation Report (May 2014).
Julian R. Birnbaum et al., Chicago’s Eviction Court: A Tenants’ Court of No Resort, 17 Urb. L. Ann. 93 (1979).
Junior League of Brooklyn, Court Study Group, Report On A Study of Brooklyn Landlord-Tenant Court, 10 National Clearinghouse for Legal Services 20 (1973).
Kansas City Eviction Project, Evictions in the Courts: An Analysis of 106,000 Cases from 2006-2016 in Jackson County.
Karl Monsma and Richard Lempert, The Value of Counsel: 20 Years of Representation before a Public Housing Eviction Board, 26 L. & Soc. Rev. 627 (1992). [Hawaii]
Kathryn Howell et al., RVA Eviction Lab and Va. Commonwealth Univ. L. Douglas Wilder Sch. of Gov’t and Pub. Affairs, Eviction, legal counsel and the courthouse (Nov. 8, 2021). [Virginia]
Kehinde Akande et al., Keystone Research Ctr. and Penn. Budget and Policy Ctr., Housing Affordability in Pennsylvania During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evictions and Recommendations to Help Families (Apr. 2022).
Kevin Hengehold, Cincinnati Tenants’ Union, Representation Matters: Legal Representation and Outcomes in Hamilton County Eviction Court (2023).
Kinsey Hasstedt et al., Enterprise Cmty. Partners and Colorado Futures Ctr., A New Normal: How Eviction Court Filing Data Can Advance a More Stable Housing Ecosystem for all Coloradans (Oct. 2022).
Kira Krenichyn and Nicole Shaefer-McDaniel, Results from Three Surveys in New York City Housing Courts (Feb. 2007).
Kyle Nelson, Strategic Actions for a Just Economy (SAJE), A Judicious Investment: Right to Counsel Is a Cost-Effective Way to Solve Los Angeles’ Affordability Crisis and Keep Angelenos Housed (Aug. 2023).
Lawyers’ Comm. for Better Hous., Opening the Door on Chicago Evictions: Chicago’s Ongoing Crisis (May 2019).
Lawyers’ Comm. for Better Hous., Opening the Door on Chicago Evictions: Legal aid attorneys make the difference (May 2019).
Lawyers’ Comm. for Better Hous., Opening the Door on Chicago Evictions: Most Families Forced Out For Less Than $2,500 Back Rent (May 2019).
Linda Wood-Boyle and Kelly Mulligan, An Ounce of Cure: Preventing Homelessness by Intervening in Forced Evictions from Subsidized Housing (2013) (on file with the NCCRC).
Maine Affordable Hous. Coalition, Evictions in Maine: An Analysis of Eviction Data as the COVID-19 Pandemic Leads to Increased Rental Housing Instability (Feb. 2021 Update).
Maine Affordable Hous. Coalition, Evictions in Maine: An Analysis of Eviction Data as the COVID-19 Pandemic Leads to Increased Rental Housing Instability (Sept. 2020).
Maryland Office of the Attorney Gen. and Access to Justice Comm’n, Confronting the COVID-19 Access to Justice Crisis (Jan. 2021).
Marylin Mosier and Richard A. Soble, Modern Legislation, Metropolitan Court, Miniscule Results: A Study of Detroit’s Landlord-Tenant Court, 7 U. Mich. J. of L. Reform 8 (1973).
Memorandum from Atlanta Hous. Comm’n Chair Andy Schneggenburger to Atlanta City Council Members, Reducing Evictions in the City of Atlanta (May 30, 2023).
Michael Hill and Alex Mercer, Participation in Housing Cases: An Examination of Attendance and Representation at County Court Possession Hearings and Rent Assessment Committees, J. Soc. Welfare L. 237 (July 1987).
Michael T. Cassidy and Janet Currie, Nat’l Bureau of Econ. Research, The Effects of Legal Representation on Tenant Outcomes in Housing Court: Evidence from New York City’s Universal Access Program (March 2022).
Michelle D. Layser et al., Mitigating Housing Instability During a Pandemic, Univ. of Ill. Coll. of L. Legal Studies Research Paper No. 20-15 (forthcoming).
Mid-Minnesota Legal Aid, Legal Representation in Evictions – Comparative Study (2018).
N.Y. Cty. Lawyers’ Ass’n, New York County Lawyers’ Association Report on Right to Counsel in Housing Court (2006).
N.Y. State Dep’t of Soc. Servs., The Homelessness Prevention Program: Outcomes and Effectiveness (1990). [New York]
Nat’l Law Ctr. on Homelessness and Poverty, Protect Tenants, Prevent Homelessness (Mar. 2018).
Nat’l Law Ctr. on Homelessness and Poverty, Housing Not Handcuffs: Ending the Criminalization of Homelessness in U.S. Cities (Dec. 2019).
New Settlement Apartments’ Cmty. Action for Safe Apartments (CASA) and the Cmty. Dev. Project (CDP), Tipping the Scales: A Report of Tenant Experiences in Bronx Housing Court (March 2013).
New York City OCJ Reports:
- N.Y.C. Hum. Res. Admin. Office of Civil Justice, Universal Access to Legal Services: A Report on Year One of Implementation in New York City (Fall 2018).
- N.Y.C. Hum. Res. Admin. Office of Civil Justice, Universal Access to Legal Services: A Report on Year Two of Implementation in New York City (Fall 2019).
- N.Y.C. Hum. Res. Admin. Office of Civil Justice, Universal Access to Legal Services: A Report on Year Three of Implementation in New York City (Fall 2020).
- N.Y.C. Hum. Res. Admin. Office of Civil Justice, Universal Access to Legal Services: A Report on Year Four of Implementation in New York City (Fall 2021).
Nick Gamber et al., An Analysis of the Eviction Diversion Program at the 54-A District Court (2020). [Michigan]
Nicole Summers, The Limits of Good Law: A Study of Housing Court Outcomes, U. Chic. L.Rev. (2019). [New York City]
NPC Research, Civil Legal Counsel Projects Program (CLCPP) Evaluation: 2022 Annual Evaluation Report (March 2023). [D.C.]
NPC Research, Report to the California State Legislature for the Sargent Shriver Civil Counsel Act Evaluation (June 2020).
Office of the Deputy Chief Admin. Judge for Justice Initiatives, Self-Represented Litigants in the New York City Family Court and New York City Housing Court (Dec. 2005).
Oksana Mironova, Cmty. Serv. Soc’y, NYC Right to Counsel: First year results and potential for expansion (March 25, 2019). [New York City]
Oksana Mironova, Cmty. Serv. Soc’y, Right to Counsel and Stronger Rent Laws Helped Reduce Evictions in 2019 (Feb. 24, 2020). [New York City]
Paula A. Franzese, Abbott Gorin, & David J. Guzik, The Implied Warranty of Habitability Lives – Making Real the Promise of Landlord-Tenant Reform, 69 Rutgers L.R. 1 (Fall 2016).
Philliber Research & Evaluation, Equal Justice Works Housing Justice Program Evaluation (Sept. 2021).
Pub. Counsel and the UCLA Sch. of Law Cmty. Econ. Dev. Clinic, Priced Out, Pushed Out, Locked Out: How Permanent Tenant Protections Can Help Communities Prevent Homelessness and Resist Displacement in Los Angeles County (June 2019).
Pub. Justice Ctr. and the Right to Hous. All., Justice Diverted: How Renters Are Processed in the Baltimore City Rent Court (Dec. 2015).
Pub. Policy Inst., Home Is Where Our Health Is: Policies to Improve the Health of Renters in Milwaukee and Beyond, Community Advocates (Feb. 2020).
Raphael L. Podolsky and Stephen O’Brien, Legal Assistance Res. Ctr. of Conn., Inc. A Study of Eviction Cases in Hartford: A Follow-up Review of the Hartford Housing Court (1995).
Rebecca Hall, Eviction Prevention as Homelessness Prevention: The Need for Access to Legal Representation for Low-Income Tenants, East Bay Cmty. Law Ctr. Berkeley (1991).
Robert Collinson et al., Eviction and Poverty in American Cities, Nat’l Bureau of Econ. Research (Aug. 2022; revised July 2023) (studying “the consequences of eviction for tenants using newly linked administrative data from … Cook County (which includes Chicago) and New York City.”; finding that eviction orders increase homelessness and hospital visits, reduce earnings, durable goods consumption, and access to credit for two years).
Russell Engler & Craig Bloomgarden, Summary Process Actions in Boston Housing Court: An Empirical Study and Recommendations for Reform (May 1983).
Ryan Sullivan, Univ. of Neb. Coll. of Law, Examination of Eviction Filings in Lancaster County, Nebraska, 2019–2021 (May 6, 2022).
Seattle Women’s Comm’n, Losing Home: The Human Cost of Eviction in Seattle (Sept. 2018).
Seedco Pol’y Ctr., Housing Help Program: Homelessness Prevention Pilot Final Report (June 2010) [New York].
Soledad De Gregorio, et al., USC Sol Price Sch. of Pub. Policy Ctr. for Soc. Innovation, Mixed Methods Evaluation of the Stay Housed LA County Program, (Apr. 2022) (on file with the NCCRC).
Steve Eppler-Epstein, The Greiner Studies: Randomized Investigation of Legal Aid Outcomes, 46 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 43 (May-June 2012).
Steven Gunn, Eviction Defense for Poor Tenants: Costly Compassion or Justice Served?, 13 Yale L. & Pol’y Rev. 385 (1995).
Stout Reports
- Cleveland Eviction Right to Counsel Annual Independent Evaluation: January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022 (Jan. 31, 2023).
- Cleveland Eviction Right to Counsel Annual Independent Evaluation: January 1 to December 31, 2021 (Jan. 31, 2022).
- Cost-Benefit Analysis of Providing a Right to Counsel to [Los Angeles] Tenants in Eviction Proceedings (Dec. 10, 2019).
- Economic Return on Investment of Providing Counsel in Philadelphia Eviction Cases for Low-Income Tenants (Nov. 2018).
- The Economic Impact of an Eviction Right to Counsel in Baltimore City (May 8, 2020).
- The Economic Impact of an Eviction Right to Counsel in Delaware (May 3, 2021).
- The Estimated Economic Impact of an Eviction Right to Counsel in Detroit (Feb. 9, 2022).
- The Estimated Economic Impact of an Eviction Right to Counsel in South Carolina (Dec. 1, 2022).
- Eviction Free Milwaukee: Annual Independent Evaluation September 1, 2021 to December 31, 2022 (March 6, 2023).
- The Financial Cost and Benefits of Establishing a Right to Counsel in Eviction Proceedings Under [City of New York] Intro 214-A (March 16, 2016).
TakeRoot Justice and RTC NYC Coalition, Organizing is Different Now: How the Right to Counsel Strengthens the Tenant Movement in New York City (March 2022).
Univ. of Mich. Poverty Solutions, Michigan Evictions: Trends, Data Sources, and Neighborhood Determinants (May 2020).
Univ. of N.C. at Charlotte Urban Inst., Charlotte-Mecklenburg Evictions, Part 3: One-month snapshot of eviction court records (2018).
Univ. of Tusla Coll. of Law, Advancing Housing Justice in Tulsa (June 8, 2020).
Victor Geminiani at al., Evicted in Hawaii: Lives Hanging in the Balance, Hawaii Appleseed (2018).
Vitalyst Health Found., Spark Report: Building Health Communities: Tenants Eviction Assistance Project and Maintaining Stable Housing (June 2021) [Phoenix, AZ].
Wanling Su, Why Protect Renters? Empirical Evidence from New York City (Sept. 2021) (on file with the NCCRC).
William E. Morris Inst. for Justice, Injustice in No Time: The Experience of Tenants in Maricopa County Justice Courts (June 2005). [Arizona]
Foreclosure / Demolition
Cases
Hill v. Myers, No. A0800853 (Ohio 2008) (pet. denied). The briefs for this case are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
Smith v. City of Moses Lake, No. 73021-1 (Wash. 2002). The briefs for this case are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
Swindell v. Accredited Home Lenders, Inc., No. 8:10–cv–995–T–30TGW, 2010 WL 5174528 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 15, 2010) (unpublished).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
John Pollock, Going Public: The State-Action Requirement of Due Process in Foreclosure Litigation, 43 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 458 (Jan.-Feb. 2010).
John Pollock, Lassiter Notwithstanding: The Right to Counsel in Foreclosure Actions, 43 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 448 (Jan.-Feb. 2010).
Reports / Studies
Erica Braudy, Tax a Bank, Save a Home: Judicial, Legislative, and Other Creative Efforts to Prevent Foreclosures in New York, 17 Cuny L. Rev. 309 (Summer 2014).
Melanca Clark and Maggie Barron, Foreclosures: A Crisis in Legal Representation, Brennan Center for Justice (Oct. 2009).
Neil Mayer, et al., The Urban Institute, National Foreclosure Mitigation Counseling Program Evaluation: Final Report Rounds 1 and 2 (Dec. 2011).
Regional Housing Legal Services, No Place Like Home: Philadelphia’s Approach to Foreclosure Prevention (2011).
Immigration
Generally
Cases
Aguilera-Enriquez v. Immigration and Naturalization Serv., 516 F.2d 565 (6th Cir. 1975).
Castaneda-Delgada v. Immigration and Naturalization Serv., 525 F.2d 1295 (7th Cir. 1975).
Cox v. United States, 332 U.S. 442 (1948).
Gokce v. Ashcroft
- No. C02-2568 RBL (W.D. Wash. 2003) (order on report and recommendation) (finding no right to counsel in removal proceeding).
- No. C02-2568 RBL (W.D. Wash. 2003) (report and recommendation).
Gonzalez-Machado v. Ashcroft
- No. CS-02-0066-FVS (E.D. Wash. 2002) (memorandum of authorities in support of motion for temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction).
- No. CS-02-0066-FVS (E.D. Wash. 2002) (order granting motion to dismiss).
Henriques v. Immigration Naturalization Servs., 465 F.2d 119 (2d Cir. 1972).
Leslie v. Attorney Gen., 611 F.3d 171 (3rd Cir. 2010).
Lin v. Ashcroft, 377 F.3d 1014 (9th Cir. 2004).
Magallanes-Damian v. Immigration Naturalization Servs., 783 F.2d 931 (9th Cir.1986).
U.S. v. Campos-Asencio, 822 F.2d 506 (5th Cir. 1987).
U.S. v. Cerda-Pena, 799 F.2d 1374 (9th Cir. 1986).
U.S. v. Gasca-Kraft, 522 F.2d 149 (9th Cir. 1975).
U.S. v. Torres-Sanchez, 68 F.3d 227 (8th Cir. 1995).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Alice Clapman, Petty Offenses, Drastic Consequences: Toward A Sixth Amendment Right To Counsel For Noncitizen Defendants Facing Deportation, 33 Cardozo L. Rev. 585 (Dec. 2011).
Amanda Masters, Case Comment, Is Procedural Due Process in a Remote Processing Center a Contradiction in Terms? Gandarillas-Zambrana v. Board of Immigration Appeals, 57 Ohio St. L.J. 999 (1996) (on file with the NCCRC).
Andrew Bramante, Ending Indefinite Detention of Non-Citizens, 61 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 933 (Spring 2011).
Andrew Schoenholtz and Hamutal Bernstein, Improving Immigration Adjudications Through Competent Counsel, 21 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 55 (2008).
Anne Traum, Constitutionalizing Immigration Law on Its Own Path, 33 Cardozo L. Rev. 491 (Dec. 2011).
Arjun Rangarajan, Civil Gideon, Removal Proceedings, and Parental Rights Termination: A Curious Intersection, 8 DePaul J. for Soc. Just. 387 (Spring 2015).
Beth Werlin, Renewing the Call: Immigrants’ Right to Appointed Counsel in Deportation Proceedings, 20 B.C. Third World L.J. 393 (2000.
Careen Shannon, Immigration Is Different: Why Congress Should Guarantee Access to Counsel In All Immigration Matters, 17 U.D.C. L.R. 165 (Spring 2014).
Carla Reyes, Access to Counsel in Removal Proceedings: A Case Study for Exploring Legal and Societal Imperative to Expand the Civil Right to Counsel, 17 U.D.C. L.R. 131 (Spring 2014).
Cassandra Burke Robertson, Litigating Citizenship, 73 Vand. L. Rev. 757 (Apr. 2020).
Christopher Nugent and Steven Schulman, A New Era in the Legal Treatment of Alien Children: The Homeland Security and Child Status Protection Acts, 80 Interpreter Releases 233-40 (Feb. 19, 2003).
David Robertson, An Opportunity to be Heard: The Right to Counsel in Deportation Proceedings, 63 Wash. L. Rev. 1019 (1988).
Donald Kerwin, Revisiting the Need for Appointed Counsel, 4 Migration Policy Institute Insight 1 (2005).
Duncan Fulton, Emergence Of A Deportation Gideon?: The Impact Of Padilla v. Kentucky On Right To Counsel Jurisprudence, 86 Tul. L. Rev. 219 (Nov. 2011).
Eleanor Acer, et al., No Deportation Without Representation: The Right to Appointed Counsel in the Immigration Context, Immigration Briefings (Oct. 2005).
Ernest H. Schopler, Comment note — Right to Assistance by Counsel in Administrative Proceedings, 33 A.L.R.3d 229 (1970).
Harvard Law Review Association, Representation in Removal Proceedings, 126 Harv. L. Rev. 1658 (April 2013).
Ingrid Eagly, Gideon’s Migration, 122 Yale L.J. 2282 (June 2013).
Kara A. Naseef, How to Decrease the Immigration Backlog: Expand Representation and End Unnecessary Detention, 52 U. Mich. J. L. Reform 771 (2019),
Kevin Johnson, An Immigration Gideon for Lawful Permanent Residents, 122 Yale L.J. 2394 (June 2013).
LaJuana Davis, Reconsidering Remedies for Ensuring Competent Representation in Removal Proceedings, 58 Drake L. Rev. 123 (2009).
Laura Abel and Risa Kaufman, Preserving Aliens’ and Migrant Workers’ Access to Civil Legal Services: Constitutional and Policy Considerations, 5 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 491 (2003).
Margaret H. Taylor, Promoting Legal Representation for Detained Aliens: Litigation and Administrative Reform, 29 Conn. L. Rev. 1647 (Summer 1997).
Mark Fennell, Preserving Process in the Wake of Policy: The Need for Appointed Counsel in Immigration Removal Proceedings, 23 Notre Dame J.L. Ethics & Pub. Pol’y 261 (2009).
Mark Noferi, Cascading Constitutional Deprivation: The Right to Appointed Counsel for Immigrants Pending Removal Proceedings, 18 Mich. J. Race & L. 63 (Fall 2012).
Mark Noferi, Making Civil Immigration Detention “Civil,” and Examining the Emerging U.S. Civil Detention Paradigm, 27 J. Civ. rts. & Econ. Dev. 533 (Winter 2014).
Matt Adams, Advancing the “Right” to Counsel in Removal Proceedings, 9 Seattle J. for Soc. Just. 169 (Fall/Winter 2010).
Matthew S. Mulqueen, Access to Counsel in Immigration Proceedings: Appointment of Counsel for Indigent and Minor Respondents Draws Support, Litigation News Vol. 44, No. 2 (Winter 2019).
Michael Churgin, An Essay on Legal Representation of Non-Citizens in Detention, 5 Intercultural Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 167 (2010).
Michael Kaufman, Detention, Due Process, and the Right to Counsel in Removal Proceedings¸ 4 Stan. J. Civ. Rts. & Civ. Liberties 113 (2008).
Miguel A. Gradilla, Making Rights Real: Effectuating the Due Process Rights of Particularly Vulnerable Immigrants in Removal Proceedings Through Administrative Mechanisms, 4 Colum. J. Race & L. 225 (2014).
National Immigration Project of the National Lawyers Guild, Immigration Law and Defense 3d Database, Updated March 2010, Chapter 7: The Deportation Hearing, 1 Immigr. Law and Defense § 7:57 (2010) (on file with the NCCRC).
Peter Markowitz, Deportation is Different, 13 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 1299 (June 2011).
Ramanujan Nadadur, Beyond “Crimigration” and the Civil-Criminal Dichotomy – Applying Mathews v. Eldridge in the Immigration Context, 16 Yale Hum. Rts. & Dev. L.J. 141 (2013).
Renata Robertson, The Right to Counsel in Removal Proceedings: An End to Wrongful Deportation of U.S. Citizens, 15 Scholar: St. Mary’s L. Rev. & Soc. Just. 567 (2013).
Robert A. Katzmann, The Legal Profession and the Unmet Needs of the Immigrant Poor, 21 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 3 (Winter 2008) (a similar version is available for free through the NYC Bar).
Robert Black, Due Process and Deportation—Is There a Right to Assigned Counsel?, 8 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 289 (1975).
Shane T. Devins, Using the Language of Turner v. Rogers to Advocate for a Right to Counsel in Immigration Removal Proceedings, 46 J. Marshall L. Rev. 893 (Spring 2013).
Vinita Andrapalliyal, The CPS Took My Baby Away: Threats to Immigrant Parental Rights and a Proposed Federal Solution, 7 Harv. L. & Pol’y Rev. 173 (Winter 2013).
William Haney, Deportation and the Right to Counsel, 11 Harv. Int’l L.J. 177 (1970).
Model Acts / Resolutions / Treaties
American Bar Association, Recommendation 106A (Feb. 2001) (unaccompanied children).
American Bar Association, Resolution 113 (Feb. 2015).
American Bar Association, Resolution 118 (Aug. 2011).
American Bar Association, Recommendation 107A (2006) (counsel for people with disabilities and those with viable claims).
American Bar Association, Resolution 105 (Aug. 2017) (all immigration cases).
American Bar Association, Standards for the Custody, Placement and Care; Legal Representation; and Adjudication of Unaccompanied Alien Children in the United States (Aug. 2018).
Arnold & Porter LLP for the ABA Commission of Immigration, Reforming the Immigration System: Proposals to Promote Independence, Fairness, Efficiency, and Professionalism in the Adjudication of Removal Cases (2010).
Pilots
Steering Committee, New York Immigrant Representation Study Report, Accessing Justice II: A Model for Providing Counsel to New York Immigrants in Removal Proceedings (2012).
Reports / Studies
American Bar Association Commission on Immigration, Reforming the Immigration System: Proposals to Promote Independence, Fairness, Efficiency and Professionalism in the Adjudication of Removal Cases (2010).
American Bar Association, Ensuring Fairness and Due Process in Immigration Proceedings (No date)
Amnesty International, Jailed Without Justice: Immigration Detention in the USA (2009).
Board of Immigrant Appeals Pro Bono Project, The BIA Pro Bono Project is Successful (2004).
California Coalition for Universal Representation, California’s Due Process Crisis: Access to Legal Counsel for Detained Immigrants (June 2016).
City Bar Justice Center, NYC Know Your Rights Project: An Innovative Pro Bono Response to the Lack of Counsel for Indigent Immigrant Detainees (Nov. 2009).
Detainee Working Group of the New York University Chapter of the National Lawyers Guild, Broken Justice: A Report on the Failures of the Court System for Immigrant Detainees in New York City (April 2007).
Detention Working Group of the Massachusetts Chapter of the National Lawyers Guild, Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor…A Report on Due Process Issues in the Handling of Immigration Detainees in Massachusetts (July 2005).
Donald Kerwin, Charitable Legal Programs for Immigrants: What They Do, Why They Matter, and How They Can Be Expanded, Immigration Briefings, No. 04-04 (June 2004) (available with WestLaw subscription).
Ingrid Eagly and Steven Shafer, A National Study of Access to Counsel in Immigration Court, 164 U. Penn. L.R. 1 (Dec. 2015).
Ingrid Eagly and Steven Shafer, Access to Counsel in Immigration Court, American Immigration Council (Sept. 2016).
John D. Montgomery, Cost of Counsel in Immigration: Economic Analysis of Proposal Providing Public Counsel to Indigent Persons Subject to Immigration Removal Proceedings (May 28, 2014) (on file with the NCCRC)
John R.B. Palmer, The Nature and Causes of the Immigration Surge in the Federal Courts of Appeals: A Preliminary Analysis, 51 N.Y.L. Sch. l. Rev. 13 (2006).
Kate M. Manuel, Aliens’ Right to Counsel in Removal Proceedings: In Brief, Congressional Research Service (Mar. 17, 2016).
Lori Nessel and Farrin Anello, Deportation Without Representation: The Access-to-Justice Crisis Facing New Jersey’s Immigrant Families, Seton Hall Law Center for Social Justice (July 2016).
National Immigration Law Center, Blazing a Trail: The Fight for Right to Counsel in Detention and Beyond (Mar. 2013).
New Jersey Policy Perspective, Legal Representation in Immigration Courts Leads to Better Outcomes, Economic Stability (June 19, 2018).
New York City Bar Association Immigration and Nationality Law Committee, Report on the Right to Counsel for Detained Individuals in Removal Proceedings (August 2009).
Stacy Caplow et al., New York Immigrant Representation Study Report, Accessing Justice II: A Model for Providing Counsel to New York Immigrants in Removal Proceedings (2012).
New York Law Journal, The New York Immigrant Representation Study: Preliminary Findings (2011).
New York State Bar Association, Report of the Special Committee on Immigration Representation (June 23, 2012).
Nina Siulc, et al., Improving Efficiency and Promoting Justice in the Immigration System, Lessons from the Legal Orientation Program, Report Summary, Vera Institute of Justice (May 2008).
Northern California Collaborative for Immigrant Justice, Access to Justice for Immigrant Families and Communities: Study of Legal Representation of Detained Immigrants in Northern California (Oct. 2014).
Office of Planning, Analysis, & Technology, Executive Office for Immigration Review, U.S. Department of Justice, FY 2010 Statistical Year Book (Jan. 2011).
Penn State Law’s Center for Immigrant Rights Clinic, Detained Immigrants and Access to Counsel in Pennsylvania (Oct. 2019).
Peter Markowitz, Barriers to Representations for Detained Immigrant Facing Deportation: Varick Street Detention Facility, A Case Study, 78 Fordham L. Rev. 541 (2009).
Steering Committee, New York Immigrant Representation Study Report, Accessing Justice: The Availability and Adequacy of Counsel in Removal Proceedings, New York Immigrant Representation Study Report: Part 1, 33 Cardozo L. Rev. 357 (Dec. 2011).
The Constitution Project, Recommendations for Reforming our Immigration Detention System and Promoting Access to Counsel in Immigration Proceedings (2009).
TRAC Immigration, Immigration Judges (July 2006).
U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, The Poor’s Right to Equal Access to the Courts Vol. II at 239 (Feb. 2005).
Vera Institute, A Federal Defender Service for Immigrants: Why We Need a Universal, Zealous, and Person-Centered Model (Feb. 2021).
Vera Institute, Evaluation of the New York Immigrant Family Unity Project (2017).
Vera Institute, Rising to the Moment: Advancing the National Movement for Universal Representation (Dec. 2020).
Zhifen Cheng and Neil Weiner, Legal Orientation Program (LOP) Evaluation, Performance and Outcome Measurement Report, Phase III: The Role of LOP in Affecting Case Processing Times, Vera Institute of Justice (June 2009).
Asylum
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Alice Clapman, Hearing Difficult Voices: The Due-Process Rights of Mentally Disabled Individuals in Removal Proceedings, 45 New Eng. L. Rev. 373 (2011), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1747166.
Andrew Schoenholtz and Jonathan Jacobs, The State of Asylum Representation: Ideas for Change, 16 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 739 (2002).
Arlene S. Kanter, R. Blake Chism & Christopher Nugent, The Right to Asylum and Need for Legal Representation of People with Mental Disabilities in Immigration Proceedings, Mental and Physical Disability Law Reporter (July-August 2001).
Elizabeth Glazer, The Right to Appointed Counsel in Asylum Proceedings, 85 Colum. L. Rev. 1157 (1985).
John Mills, et al. “Death is Different” and a Refugee’s Right to Counsel, 42 Cornell Int’l L.J. 361 (2009), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1290382.
Nimrod Pitsker, Due Process for All: Applying Eldridge to Require Appointed Counsel for Asylum Seekers, 95 Cal. L. Rev. 169 (2007).
Reports / Studies
Andrew Schoenholtz and Jonathan Jacobs, The State of Asylum Representation: Ideas for Change, 16 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 739 (2002).
European Council on Refugees and Exiles, Survey on Legal Aid for Asylum Seekers in Europe (Oct. 2010).
Ingrid Eagly, Esq., Steven Shafer, Esq., and Jana Whalley, Esq., Detaining Families: A Study of Asylum Adjudication in Family Detention, American Immigration Council (Aug. 2018).
Jaya Ramji-Noglaes, et al., Refugee Roulette: Disparities in Asylum Adjudication, 60 Stan. L. Rev. 295 (2007).
TRAC Immigration, Asylum Denial Rate Reaches All Time Low: FY 2010 Results, a Twenty-Five Year Perspective (Sept. 2, 2010).
Related to Mental Health
Cases
Franco-Gonzalez v. Holder, Case No. 10-CV-02211 (D. Cal 2010).
Matter of B-Z (2011) (BIA case involving mental illness): various materials for this case can be found at http://www.legalactioncenter.org/clearinghouse/litigation-issue-pages/immigrants-mental-disabilities-removal-proceedings.
Matter of L-T (2010) (BIA case involving mental illness): various materials for this case (including the BIA’s request for amicus briefs and the amicus briefs themselves) can be found at http://www.legalactioncenter.org/clearinghouse/litigation-issue-pages/immigrants-mental-disabilities-removal-proceedings.
Matter of M-A-M (2011) (BIA case involving mental illness)
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Aliza B. Kaplan, Disabled and Disserved: The Right to Counsel for Mentally Disabled Aliens in Removal Proceedings, 26 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 523 (Spring 2012).
Amelia Wilson and Natalie H. Prokop, Applying Method to the Madness: The Right to Court Appointed Guardians Ad Litem and Counsel for the Mentally Ill in Immigration Proceedings, 16 U. Pa. J. L. & Soc. Change 1 (2013).
Arlene S. Kanter, R. Blake Chism & Christopher Nugent, The Right to Asylum and Need for Legal Representation of People with Mental Disabilities in Immigration Proceedings, Mental and Physical Disability Law Reporter (July-August 2001).
Christopher Klepps, What Kind of “Process” is This?: Solutions to the Case-by-Case Approach in Deportation Proceedings for Mentally Incompetent Non-Citizens, 30 Quinnipiac L. Rev. 545 (2012) (on file with the NCCRC).
Kristin Macleod-Ball, Why Immigrants Should Have Access to Legal Counsel, Immigration Impact (Jan. 22, 2013).
Leslie Wolf, After Franco-Gonzalez v. Holder: The Implications of Locating a Right to Counsel Under the Rehabilitation Act, 23 S. Cal. Rev. L. & Soc. Just. 329 (Winter 2014).
Model Acts / Resolutions / Treaties
American Bar Association, Resolution 107A (2006) (Right to counsel for all mentally ill/disabled persons in removal proceedings).
Reports / Studies
Helen Eisner, Disabled, Defenseless, And Still Deportable: Why Deportation Without Representation Undermines Due Process Rights of Mentally Disabled Immigrants, 14 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 511 (Dec. 2011).
Human Rights Watch, Deportation by Default: Mental Disability, Unfair Hearings and Indefinite Detention in the US Immigration System (2010).
Legal Action Center, Practice Advisory: Representing Clients With Mental Competency Issues Under Matter of M-A-M (Nov. 30, 2011).
Texas Appleseed, Justice for Immigration’s Hidden Population (March 2010), available at https://www.texasappleseed.org/sites/default/files/10-ImmigrationDetentionReportMentalDisabilities.PDF.
Travis Packer, Non-Citizens with Mental Disabilities: The Need for Better Care in Detention and in Court, Immigration Policy Center of American Immigration Council (Nov. 2010).
Various organizations, Letter to William Holder Regarding Mentally Disabled Respondents (July 24, 2009), available at http://documents.nytimes.com/letter-to-attorney-general-holder-regarding-mentally-disabled-respondents#p=1.
Related to Children
Cases
F.L.B. v. Lynch (formerly J.E.F.M. v. Holder), No. 2:14-cv-01026 (W.D. Wash. 2014). Documents related to this case can be found here.
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Amanda Kavita Sewanan, The Right to Appointed Counsel: The Case for Unaccompanied Immigrant Children, 41 Cardozo L. Rev. 317 (2019-2020).
Annie Chen, An Urgent Need: Unaccompanied Children and Access to Counsel in Immigration Proceedings, American Bar Association Section of Litigation Children’s Rights Litigation (July 14, 2014).
Benjamin Good, NOTE: A Child’s Right to Counsel in Removal Proceedings, 10 Stan. J.C.R. & C.L. 109 (Jan. 2014).
Brian Rowe, The Child’s Right to Legal Assistance in Removal Proceedings Under International Law, 10 Chi. J. Int’l L. 747 (Winter 2010).
Christopher Nugent & Steven Schulman, Giving Voice to the Vulnerable: On Representing Detained Immigrant and Refugee Children, 78 Interpreter Releasees 1569 (Oct. 8, 2001).
Ginny Nunez, One Size Fits All: Unaccompanied Alien Children and the Right to Appointed Counsel, 6 Penn. ST. J.L. & Int’l Aff. (2018).
Laura Barrera, A Better Way: Uncoupling the Right to Counsel with the Threat of Deportation for Unaccompanied Immigrant Children and Beyond, St. John’s Univ. J. Civ. Rights & Econ. Dev., Volume 36, Fall 2022, Issue 2.
Lewis Tandy, Reevaluating the Path to a Constitutional Right to Counsel for Unaccompanied Alien Children, 96 Tex. L.R. (2018).
Linda Kelly Hill, The Right to Be Heard: Voicing the Due Process Right to Counsel for Unaccompanied Alien Children, 31 B.C. Third World L.J. 41 (2011).
Samantha Casey Wong, Perpetually Turning our Backs on the Most Vulnerable: A Call for the Appointment of Counsel for Unaccompanied Minors in Deportation Proceedings, 46 Conn. L. Rev. 853 (Dec. 2013).
Shani M. King & Nicole Silvestri Hall, Unaccompanied Minors, Statutory Interpretation, and Due Process, 108 Calif. L. Rev. 1 (2020).
Shani M. King, Alone and Unrepresented: A Call to Congress to Provide Counsel for Unaccompanied Minors, 50 Harv. J. on Legis. 331 (2013).
Sharon Finkel, Voice of Justice: Promoting Fairness Through Appointed Counsel for Immigrant Children, 17 N.Y.L. Sch. J. Hum. Rts. 1105 (2001).
Victoria Dempsey, Immigrant Children and Broadening the Constitutional Right to a Lawyer, 20 Pub. Interest L. Reporter 14 (Fall 2014).
Wendy Melissa Hernandez, Note: The Immigration Crisis in American Courts: Children Representing Themselves, 47 Hastings Const. L.Q. 145 (2019).
Wendy Shea, Almost There: Unaccompanied Alien Children, Immigration Reform, and a Meaningful Opportunity to Participate in the Immigration Process, 18 U.C. Davis J. Juv. L. & Pol’y 148 (Winter 2014).
Wesley Brockway, Rationing Justice: The Need for Appointed Counsel in Removal Proceedings of Unaccompanied Immigrant Children, 88 U. Colo. L. Rev. 179 (Winter 2017).
Model Acts / Resolutions / Treaties
American Bar Association, Resolution 113 (supporting right to counsel for unaccompanied minors (Feb. 2015).
Reports / Studies
American Bar Ass’n Comm’n on Immigration, A Humanitarian Call to Action: Unaccompanied Children in Removal Proceedings Continue to Present a Critical Need for Legal Representation (May 2016),
Ashley Ham Pong, Humanitarian Protections and the Need for Appointed Counsel for Unaccompanied Immigrant Children Facing Deportation, 21 Wash. & Lee J. Civil Rts. & Soc. Just. 69 (Fall 2014).
Kids in Need of Defense (KIND), A Treacherous Journey: Child Migrants Navigating the U.S. Immigration System (Feb. 2014).
TRAC Immigration, New Data on Unaccompanied Children in Immigration Court (July 15, 2014).
TRAC Immigration, Representation for Unaccompanied Children in Immigration Court (Nov. 25, 2014).
International Law
Cases
Airey v. Ireland, 2 Eur Ct HR Ser A (1979).
CBA v. Her Majesty, No. CA034484 (2008). The briefs for this case are on file with the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel.
Ian Mulgrew, Legal Aid Not a Right, Court Rules, Vancouver Sun (March 4, 2008).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Andrea Wong, The Yellow Brick Road? Establishing a Constitutional Right to State-Funded Counsel for Matters of Civil Law in Canada, 2 Journal of Public Policy, Admin. and Law, Volume 41 (Oct. 2011).
Anna Richey Allen, Passport for Civil Gideon: European Perspectives on the Civil Right to Counsel, Legal Scholarship for Equal Justice (2009).
Earl Johnson Jr., Toward Equal Justice: Where the United States Stands Two Decades Later, 5 Md. J. Contemp. Legal Issues 199 (1994).
Earl Johnson Jr., Will Gideon’s Trumpet Sound a New Melody? The Globalization of Constitutional Values and its Implications for a Right to Equal Justice in Civil Cases, 2 Seattle J. for Soc. Just. 201 (2003).
Earl Johnson, Jr., Equal Access to Justice: Comparing Access to Justice in the United States and Other Industrial Democracies, 24 Fordham Int’l L.J. S83 (2000).
Earl Johnson, Jr., Equality Before the Law and the Social Contract: When Will the United States Finally Guarantee Its People the Equality Before the Law the Social Contract Demands?, 37 Fordham Urb. L.J. 157 (Feb. 2010).
Earl Johnson, Lifting the “American Exceptionalism” Curtain: Options and Lessons from Abroad, 67 Hastings L.J. 1225 (June 2016).
Francis O’Brian, Why Not Appointed Counsel in Civil Cases? The Swiss Approach, 28 Ohio St. L. J. 1 (1967).
Gaylene Schellenberg, Access to Justice in Canada: Canadian Bar Association Strategies to Make It Happen, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 281 (July-Aug. 2006).
James Maxeiner, A Right to Legal Aid: The ABA Model Access Act in International Perspective, 13 Loy. J. Pub. Int. L 61 (2011).
Jeremy Cooper, English Legal Services: A Tale of Diminishing Returns, 5 Md. J. Contemp. Legal Issues 247 (1994).
Joan Mahoney, Green Forms and Legal Aid Offices: A History of Publicly Funded Legal Services in Britain and the United States, 17 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 223 (1998).
Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada, The Right to Legal Aid: How British Columbia’s Legal Aid System Fails to Meet International Human Rights Obligations (2014).
Lua Kamal Yuille, No One’s Perfect (Not Even Close): Reevaluating Access to Justice in the United States and Western Europe, 42 Colum. J. Transnat’l L. 863 (2004).
Martha Davis, In the Interests of Justice: Human Rights and the Right to Counsel in Civil Cases, 25 Touro L. Rev. 147 (2009).
Martha Davis, Participation, Equality and the Civil Right to Counsel: Lessons from Domestic and International Law, 122 Yale L.J. 2260 (2013).
Martha Davis, The Spirit of Our Times: State Constitutions and International Human Rights, 30 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 359 (2006).
Martha F. Davis, Johanna Kalb and Risa E. Kaufman, Human Rights Advocacy in the United States, West Publishing (2014).
Meredith Elliott Hollman, “Fundamental Fairness”: Finding a Civil Right to Counsel in International Human Rights Law, 57 U. Rich. L.R. 685 (2023).
Micah B. Rankin, Access to Justice and the Institutional Limits of Independent Courts, 30 Windsor Y.B. Access to Just. 101 (2012).
Panel Discussion: International, National and Local Perspectives on Civil Right to Counsel, 25 Touro L. Rev. 81 (2009).
Raven Lidman, Civil Gideon as a Human Right: Is the U.S. Going to Join Step with the Rest of the Developed World, 15 Temp. Pol. & Civ. Rts. L. Rev. 769 (2006).
Raven Lidman, Civil Gideon: A Human Right Elsewhere in the World, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 288 (July-August 2006).
Sarah Paoletti, Deriving Support from International Law for the Right to Counsel in Civil Cases, 15 Temp. Pol. & Civ. Rts. L. rev. 651 (2006).
William C. Silverman, The Right to Counsel in Civil Cases: An International Perspective, National Law Review (Apr. 11, 2019).
Zachary Zarnow, Obligation Ignored: Why International Law Requires The United States To Provide Adequate Civil Legal Aid, What The United States Is Doing Instead, And How Legal Empowerment Can Help, 20 Am. U. J. Gender Soc. Pol’y & L. 273 (2011).
Model Acts / Resolutions / Treaties
EU Charter of International Human Rights, Chapter VI-Justice, Article 47 (2009).
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Resolution 2200A, Article 14 (Dec. 16, 1966).
- Northeastern University School of Law Program on Human Rights and the Global Economy, Access to Civil Justice: Racial Disparities and Discriminatory Impacts Arising from Lack of Access to Counsel in Civil Cases (Dec. 2007).
- United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: United States of America (Feb. 2008).
- United States, Periodic Report of the United States of America to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Concerning the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (June 12, 2013).
- United States, Periodic Report of the United States Of America to the U. N. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Concerning the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Apr. 23, 2007).
- Columbia Law School Human Rights Institute and Northeastern University School of Law Program on Human Rights and the Global Economy, Equal Access to Justice: Ensuring Meaningful Access to Civil Cases, Including Immigration Proceedings (CERD Shadow Report) (July 2014).
- United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, CERD Follow-Up Letter Sent to State Party (United States) (May 24, 2016).
- United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding Observations on the Combined Seventh to Ninth Periodic Reports of United States of America (Sept. 25, 2014).
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Resolution 2200A, Article 14 (Dec. 16, 1966).
- Columbia Law School Human Rights Clinic, Access to Justice: Ensuring Meaningful Access to Counsel in Civil Cases: Response to the Fourth Periodic Report of the United States to the United Nations Human Rights Committee (ICCPR Shadow Report) (Aug. 2013), published as 64 Syracuse L. Rev. 409 (2014).
- Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 32 on Article 14: Right to equality before courts and tribunals and to a fair trial (2007).
- United States of America, Fourth Periodic Report of the United States of America to the United Nations Committee on Human Rights Concerning the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Dec. 30, 2011).
Reports / Studies
International Commission of Jurists, ICJ Declaration on Access to Justice and Right to a Remedy in International Human Rights Systems (Dec. 2012).
Local Human Rights Lawyering Project, Human Rights in the U.S.: A Handbook for Legal Aid Attorneys (2014).
Program on Human Rights and the Global Economy Northeastern University School of Law, Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law on Implementation of Human Rights Treaties.
Rule of Law Index:
- Mark David Agrast, et al., The Rule of Law Index: Measuring Adherence to the Rule of Law Around the World, Design and Implementation of the Index Country Profiles for 2009 (Nov. 12, 2009).
- Mark David Agrast, et al., The World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2010.
- Mark David Agrast, et al., The World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2011.
- Mark David Agrast, et al., The World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2012.
- World Justice Project, The World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2014.
- World Justice Project, The World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2015.
- World Justice Project, The World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2016.
- To find World Justice Project, Rule of Law Index for the years 2017 through 2024, visit the website.
The Human Rights Policy Seminar, University of North Carolina School of Law, A Basic Human Right: Meaningful Access to Legal Representation (June 2015).
United Nations General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights (Aug. 9, 2012).
United Nations General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers (Mar. 15, 2013).
Juvenile Delinquency
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Alberto Bernabe, The Right to Counsel Denied: Confusing the Role of Lawyers and Guardians, 43 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. 833 (Summer 2012).
Wallace Mlyniec, In re Gault at 40: A Right to Counsel in Juvenile Court-A Promise Unfulfilled, 44 No. 3 Crim. Law Bulletin ART 5 (2008).
Reports / Studies
Barry Feld, The Right to Counsel in Juvenile Court: An Empirical Study of When Lawyers Appear and the Differences They Make, 79 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 1185 (1989).
Katherine Hunt Federle, Lawyering in Juvenile Court: Lessons from a Civil Gideon Experiment, 37 Fordham Urb. L.J. 93 (2010).
Stefan Norrbin et al., Using civil representation to reduce delinquency among troubled youth, 28 Eval. Rev. 201 (June 2004).
Military
Model Acts / Resolutions / Treaties
American Bar Ass’n, Access to Legal Services: Legal Assistance for Low Income Military Personnel (April 2009).
Race and Gender
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Andrew Mathern, Federal Civil Rights Lawsuits and Civil Gideon: A Solution to Disproportionate Police Force?, 15 J. Gender Race & Just. 353 (Spring 2012).
Charles R. Richey, Manual of Employment Discrimination and Civil Rights Actions in the Federal Courts, 1 Manual on Employment Discrimination § 1:235 (database updated Oct. 2009).
Martha Davis, Race and Civil Counsel in the United States: A Human Rights Progress Report, 64 Syracuse L. Rev. 447 (2014).
Rebecca Sandefur, Access to Civil Justice and Race, Class, and Gender Inequality, 34 Ann. Rev. of Sociology 339 (2008).
Sara Sternberg Greene, Race, Class, and Access to Civil Justice, 101 Iowa L.R. 1263 (2016).
Shelly Dill Combs and Ilene Lin Bloom, Women’s Disproportionate Need to Receive Legal Aid and the Current Funding Crisis, 41-OCT Colo. Law. 51 (Oct. 2012).
Wade Henderson and Jonathan Smith, The Right to Counsel and Civil Rights: An Opportunity to Broaden the Debate, 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol’y 210 (2006).
Reports / Studies
Amy Myrick, Robert L. Nelson, and Laura Beth Nielsen, Race and Representation: Racial Disparities in Legal Representation for Employment Civil Rights Plaintiffs, 15 N.Y.U. J. Legis. & Pub. Pol’y 705 (2012).
Center for Social Innovation, Supporting Partnerships for Anti-Racist Communities: Phase One Findings (Mar. 2018).
Sex Offender Commitment or Registration
Cases
Merryfield v. State, 241 P.3d 573 (Kan. Ct. App. 2010).
Meza v. Livingston, 623 F.Supp.2d 782, 796 (W.D. Tex. 2009).
Sustenance
Cases
Graves v. Adult & Family Servs., 708 P.2d 1180 (Or. Ct. App. 1985).
Law Review Articles / Treatises / Other Writings
Ernest H. Schopler, Comment note — Right to Assistance by Counsel in Administrative Proceedings, 33 A.L.R.3d 229 (1970).
Jack Newton, Paula Arboleda, Michael Connors, and Vianca Figueroa, Civil Gideon and NYC’s Universal Access: Why Comprehensive Public Benefits Advocacy is Essential to Preventing Evictions and Creating Stability, 23 CUNY L. Rev. 200 (Winter 2020).
Jan Hagen, Justice for the Welfare Recipient: Another Look at Welfare Fair Hearings, Social Service Rev. 177 (1983).
Jeffrey Selbin, Jeanne Charn, Anthony Alfieri & Stephen Wizner, Service Delivery, Resource Allocation and Access to Justice: Greiner and Pattanayak and the Research Imperative, Harvard Law School Public Law & Legal Theory Working Paper Series Paper No. 12-17 (2012).
Maurice Emsellem & Monica Halas, Part II: Unemployment Compensation and Procedural Issues: Representation of Claimants at Unemployment Compensation Proceedings: Identifying Models and Proposed Solutions, 29 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 289 (1995).
Stephen Loffredo & Don Friedman, Gideon Meets Goldberg: The Case for a Qualified Right to Counsel in Welfare Hearings, 25 Touro L. Rev. 273 (2009).
Reports / Studies
James Greiner and Cassandra Wolos Pattanayak, Randomized Evaluation in Legal Assistance: What Difference Does Representation (Offer and Actual Use) Make?, 121 Yale L.J. 2118 (2012).
Phillip Granberry and Randy Albelda, Assessing the Benefits of Provision of Legal Services Through the Disability Benefits Project (Aug. 2006).
Youth Status Offenses
Model Acts / Resolutions / Treaties
American Bar Association, ABA Resolution 109A (right to counsel in status offense proceedings) (Aug. 9-10, 2010).
American Bar Association, FAQ: The Right to Counsel in Status Offense Cases (2010).
